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2) Healthy food: 

Healthy food consists of a group of foods that provide the five beneficial nutrients, which are proteins, fats, minerals, carbohydrates and vitamins that a person needs to maintain health and obtain energy. Eating healthy food is an excellent way to help your body stay strong and healthy and prevent any diseases that may affect a person.

And usually the foods that do not contain the food group that was mentioned previously are desirable by people that we should not eat a lot (fast food or ready-made foods).

Examples of healthy food include vegetables, fruits, and whole grains.

which contain vitamin B and some minerals such as zinc, iron and magnesium)

Proteins, dairy products, and fats.

(طلال, 2017)

Disadvantage: 

1) Not always easy to find

2) High cost

(Traister, 2011)

3) Milk alternative:

Some people are hypersensitive to lactose, which is found in milk, because milk and its derivatives are a key ingredient in many food products. The trend began to use other alternatives so that they are safe for the bodies of these people and at the same time give a good taste to the food recipes that go into their composition.

Some examples of these products are almond milk and cashew milk

And soy milk

(Clinic, 2020)

Disadvantage: 

1) Low protein, high calorie

2) Its texture is watery, so it's not a great substitute for cooking and baking. May contain oil and thickeners,

(Taylor, 2016)

4) Meat alternative

Recently, the interest in finding alternatives to the proteins found in meat has begun due to the side effects caused by eating meat in abundance, including an increase in harmful cholesterol in the body. Also, some vegetarians cannot eat meat. Therefore, the demand for meat alternatives such as legumes, whole grains and other ingredients has increased.

For example, a single cell protein (SCP) becomes a trend which is made from the cells of microorganisms that have been grown to make food for humans or animals. An example is mycoprotien which is produced when the fungus Fusarium venantum is grown on glucose. The fungus is grown in huge vast that is contain (glucose, vitamins and minerals.) sterile air is pumped into the vast to provide a source of oxygen. It is made into Quorn which is used as vegetarian replacement for meat

(Marengo, 2019)

(proveg, n.d.)

Disadvantage:

1) High in sodium and saturated fat

2) Meat alternatives also lack vitamin B12

(McGee, 2020)

5) Gluten-Free

Is a gluten-free diet created to deal with symptoms and medical conditions caused by gluten in humans, as it stimulates the immune system to destroy the lining of the small intestine, so nutritionists have developed recipes and production of gluten-free foods

(Clinic, 2019)

Such as.

Jack fruit: It can be used to make gluten-free biscuits and cookies and added to regular flour to make bread and cake. This flour is said to have a low glycemic index and significantly reduce blood sugar levels.

okra flour: This product is a by-product of soy pulp or tofu production. Wet okara is first dried and then ground into a smooth, shelf-stable flour that can be used to make baked goods.

Amaranth flour: This flour can be used to make bread, cake, pasta, etc. It is high in fiber, protein and a number of micronutrients.

(S, 2021)

Disadvantage:

1) Lack of fiber

2) Lack of essential vitamins and nutrients

(Dermer, 2020)

Q1) B)

(Food Technology, n.d.)

(Factors which Impact on Food Product Development External Factors, n.d.)

Q2)

· Analyse the influence of food science on food production in commercial kitchens providing specific examples:

1-Maillard reaction:  It is sometimes called the "brown color reaction"

is a chemical reaction between amino acids and reducing sugars that gives browned food its distinctive flavor.  it produces flavor and aroma during cooking process; and it is used almost everywhere from the baking industry to our day to day life to make food tasty so using this technique in commercial kitchens   increases the demand for this product by customers, because of its attractive appearance, delicious taste and puffy smell.

It is considered as a mover for the senses of customers, and this increases the sales of products prepared in this way, and thus increases the income of the commercial establishment, such as restaurants or hotels.

Example, from commercial kitchen:

Cooking apiece of steak

Remove the steaks from the refrigerator and let sit, covered, at room temperature about 20 minutes before cooking.

Brush the steaks on both sides with oil or butter and season liberally with salt and black pepper. Place the steaks on the grill that is heated before and cook it until golden brown and slightly charred, 4 to 5 minutes.

Turn the steaks over and continue to grill 3 to 5 minutes for medium-rare (an internal temperature of 135 degrees F), 5 to 7 minutes for medium (140 degrees F) or 8 to 10 minutes for medium-well.

 Transfer the steaks to a cutting board or platter, tent loosely with foil and let rest 5 minutes before slicing.

Cut it into slices and serve it with grilled vegetables

(FLAY, 2018)

2- Food additives 

A- like Producing jam.

Sugar is one of the most important substances that preserve food for a long time, in addition to giving delicious food.

Adding sugar to fruits and cooking it with them for a long time to turn the fruit into a square led to a revolution in the ways of preserving fruits in particular and also led to the development of working methods of sweets stuffed with different jams and the creation of many other sweets approved for the use of jams in them and this led to an increase in the income of kitchens based on innovation Different types of sweets based on jam.

Example, from commercial kitchen:

Producing grapes jam

To make a really fine grape jam, you need to remove the seeds from grapes

Add the pulp/skin mixture and sugar to a saucepan and bring to a boil over medium heat.  Cook for about 10-15 minutes, until much of the juice is evaporated and the bubbles in the jam begin to change consistency. 

Once the jam reaches gel stage or consistency that you like, pour it into prepared canning jars leaving 5 cm headspace.  Process the grape jam in a water bath canner for 10 minutes and then turn off the heat.  Allow the jam jars to sit for an additional 5 minutes before removing them to a towel on the counter to cool.

(MEMBERS MEDIAVINE FOOD, 2017)

B- Cucumber pickle:

Salt is one of the most important substances that work to kill bacteria and thus preserve food for a long time in addition to giving a delicious taste. The pickles industry led to a revolution in the world of appetizers, where different types of pickles are considered one of the main appetizers that do not leave any dish. This led to a high value addition to the dish.

Example, from commercial kitchen:

Preparing cucumber pickle

1. Slice your cucumbers as desired.

2. Whisk together a basic brine made of water, vinegar and seasonings.

3. Pack the cucumbers into a jar, add some dill and garlic, and pour the brine over it all.

4. Refrigerate until the pickles taste sufficiently “pickled!”

(Cookie and Kate, 2020)

3- Caramelization

 Is one of the most important types of browning processes in foods, Caramelization leads desirable colour and flavour in bakery's goods, coffee, beverages, and peanuts.

During Caramelization reactions, high dry heat causes the sugar to break down, releasing volatile chemicals that create that signature caramel flavor.

Caramelization causes important changes in foods, not only in colour but also in flavour. The process of Caramelization creates one of the most naturally delectable combinations of sweet, savory, and bitter flavors.

This led to an increase in the sales of kitchens that depend on the principle of Caramelization In the production of many main dishes or dessert dishes.

(Delany, 2018)

Example, from commercial kitchen:

Caramelizing pineapples by grilling a pineapple till its colour changes to pale brown. This method adds a caramel sweet addition to burgers or baked in the bottom of the pan for a pineapple upside-down cake.

4- Steaming:

Steaming is one of the healthiest new cooking methods. Cooking food in water vapor over boiling water allows the food to stew within its own juices and offers a wealth of other great benefits like reducing the usage of cooking oil.

It also let us to cook to cook several foods at the same time without mixing odors and flavors.

Steamed foods are easier to digest than foods prepared by other methods

Therefore, many people who follow a certain diet to lose weight or who suffer from digestive diseases and difficulty in digesting food, especially those containing large amounts of oils, resort to it.

This type of cooking led to the birth of a new section in every hotel, especially in five-star hotels.

It also led to the opening of many restaurants that adopt a healthy food system, which has become a trend in our daily lives. This led to the employment of many labors in the commercial kitchen.

(LK Packaging., 2018)