review lit
References
Rosca, V. (2010). The coach-athlete communication process. Towards a better human resources management in sport. Management Research and Practice 2(3), 275-283.
This article breaks down how coach-athlete communication is important to the success of the athlete, and this success can be achieved by the coach transferring his knowledge to the athlete. The article shows how this knowledge is communicated at different levels of sport and it also went on further to discuss the four anchors that coaches can use in their communication with the athlete in order to improve the success of the athlete and the maintenance of the relationship.
Two knowledge dynamics were discussed to show how knowledge is communicated at different levels of the sport. These two dynamics are the tacit knowledge dyad and the emotional knowledge dyad. To see how these dyads work the article looked at the four different levels of sport and how these dyads fit in them. The four levels that were mentioned were professional sport, performance sport, grassroots sport, and leisure sport. However it’s in the professional level where we see that both dyads of knowledge base dynamics is being used. Notably, at each level of the sporting hierarchy athletes developed some form of knowledge base communication and at a professional level it becomes easier for the coach to communicate with the athlete effectively. Using the tacit knowledge dyad and the emotional knowledge dyad, the coach has to communicate knowledge and experience to the athlete and they both has to invest in the relationship to make it work. Both athlete and coach are dependent on each other because the athlete’s performance brings the coach’s success and the coach’s knowledge and advice brings success to the athlete.
To produce effective communication and sporting achievements, the coach can use 4 anchors to communication. These anchors to communication are, individual communication, group communication, institutional communication, and cultural communication. The individual communication is a one on one communication between coach and athlete. This is where the coach provides individual feedback to the athlete on performance, improvements or lack thereof. In the group communication the coach is sending out information to a team or group of athletes. The information is usually general and every athlete on the team will find it beneficial. Institutional communication occurs when the coach starts to play the role of a manager and he communicates the rules, norms and values to the team. While cultural communication is one where the coach and athlete learn each other’s culture. The coach has to communicate the culture of the team to a new athlete so that communication is base off one culture. Notably, understanding these four anchors will help the coach-athlete relationship.
This article is very useful and effective because it provides useful information on how coach-athletes relationships can be maintained, its importance and how coaches can produce effective communication. It also provides details on various levels of sports and how communication is done there.
Culver, M., & Trudel, P. (2000). Coach-Athlete Communication Within an Elite Alpine Ski Team. Journal of Excellence. 28-50.
This study was conducted in an effort to analyze and understand the communication process in the coach athlete relationship in the sports settings. The study used the Alpine Ski Team as a sample group to collect data on this topic. They used interviews, observations, and journals to collect information from 6 members of the team as well as two of the coaches. The findings of the study was recorded in the article and the researchers found that both coaches and athletes prefer to have open, two way communication, but it was also observed that during competition both parties had difficulty communicating. With these communication problems, the researchers decided to examine these problems in order to really understand the communication process. There are factors that can negatively affect the communication process, some factors are because of the context and others are because of individuals past experience.
The article defined a model for effective communication and it presented the components of the model and explained them. The model has the communicators, then the message, then the channel, then the feedback. The communicators, who are the sender and receiver controls to some extent the success of the communication process. The article went on to expose some factors that can affect the communicators while sending and receiving messages, and these factors are, communication skills, knowledge level of the other communicator, “the attitude towards oneself and the other communicator, as well as the “positions of the communicators within the subcultural system”.
This study is very effective and can be helpful for my research because it seeks to understand the communication process- how it works and the components that make up the process. Understanding the communication process will help us to understand the communication that takes place between coaches and athletes as well as how it can be developed or improved. The article took a different perspective by looking at the communication problems that may face athletes and coaches. The researchers believe that looking at these problems will, help us to understand the communication process better which will result in the enhancement of coach athlete relationships.
Frey, M., Czech, D., Kent, R., Johnson, M. (2008). The Sport Journal. 1, 1-16.
Throughout the sports environment everyone has their perception of what gender coach is the best and also who they can relate to. The article on the exploration of female athlete’s experiences and perceptions of male and female coaches gear towards coach-athlete relationship and how gender within the coaching circle makes a difference on the athlete performance and quality of life. They stated that studies have been used to examine the study on the impact same-gender coaching has on the relationship and communication between the coach and the athlete. It was concluded that most female athletes prefer to have female coaches that they can relate to and most male athletes prefer to have a male coach because of the belief that a male coach would be more likely to earn respect from his players. Overall, 89% of male athletes and 71% of female athletes preferred a male coach. In the article it was clear that one of the reason for athletes wanting to have same- gender coach is to have that level of communication that can be beneficial to them in and out of competition. A strong sex bias favoring male coaches was found in male and female high school basketball athletes who rated males as more knowledgeable, more likely to achieve future success, more desirable to play for, and having a greater ability to motivate.
This article is important to the research being conducted because it provides reasons as to why athletes choose or like to be coach by the same of different gender coach. It further digs into the whole aspects of gender stereotypes not only with the athletes themselves but also in the coaching of the sport. The article speaks on the importance of coach-athlete communication and how the participants see female coaches as “forgetful” and male coaches are more “in control”. This will help the research needed to be conducted as it provides information that can help the researcher understanding the reasons for lacking communication between coach and athlete and how this can be addressed to find better ways to help them communicate.
Wilkerson, C., Hall, E., & Gould, J. ((2014) Student Athlete Motivation and Success: Investigating Associations Within Parenting and Coaching Styles. Skyline - thee Big Sky Undergraduate Journal: 2, 1-10.
This article gives an insight on the Student-athletes competing for their school and what drives their success. Their success comes from the motivation the receive from teaches, coaches, parents and themselves. In essence this article’s purpose is to “assess student athletes motivation and success from the perspective of parenting and coaching styles. The article went on to explain the idea behind parenting styles and it discusses the four parenting styles, which are optimal parenting, affectionless, control, affectionate constraint, and neglectful parenting. Optimal parenting demonstrates high care and low protection, affectionless controls demonstrates low care and high protection, affectionate constraint demonstrates high care and protection, and neglectful parenting shows low care and protection. These parenting styles can be used to determine the involvement of parents in their children’s life, and we can use this to see the parents who motivate their sport enthused children.
Coaching styles is based on the freedom and structure provided by the coach. The article identified three types of coaching styles and these include autocratic coaching style, democratic and laissez faire coaching styles. Autocratic coach provides low freedom with structure, democratic coach provides high freedom and low structure and laissez faire coach provides high freedom with low structure as well but the coaches’ responses differ from the democratic coaching style. The coaching style and the parenting style employed by both coach and parents determines the success and motivation of the student athlete.
The effectiveness of this article lies in the perspective that students-athletes relationship with their coaches impacts their success as well as motivate them. This article didn’t focus much on professional athletes, instead it shows a study that proves that student athletes relationship with their coaches is important to their success. The study also shows that the relationship will succeed base of the coaching style that the coaches use. This article is useful because it shows that communication is not the only factor that contributes to the success of the coach athlete relationship but it is also the coaching style that is used by the coach.
Mwisukha, A. (1990). Coach athlete relationship. Kenyatta University, 129-132.
This study conducted by Andanje Mwisukha examines the coach athlete relationship and how important it is to develop and maintain the relationship. The study conducted was aimed at exploring the complexity of an ideal coach athlete relationship and provides information on how coaches can establish healthy and lasting relationships with their athletes.
The importance of having a coach for the development of the athlete was discussed throughout the article. It explains that the coach is the most influential person in the athletes’ life as it concerns development and performance. It went on to list some attributes of the ideal coach athlete relationship. Some of these attributes are that the relationship should be mutual, it should be free of conflict, there should be mutual respect, mutual trust should be involved, the relationship should be aimed at the achievements and attainment of goals set by both coach and athlete, the coach should understand the needs of the athletes, there should be high degree of tolerance, good communication, the athlete have confidence in the coach and vice versa and the coach should be a mentor to the athlete. The article also went into depth on the factors that influence coach athletes relationship. The factors discussed were the coach’s competence, the coach’s understanding of the athlete, and the coach’s leadership style. All these factors attributes that will help coaches to cultivate good relationships with their athletes.
This article is effective and useful because it gives us an insight on the factors that are needed to create a healthy coach athlete relationship. These attributes can be adapted and can be used to foster healthy relationships. This can be used in my research to show how effective it is for coaches to build good relationships and how they can do it.
Aly, E. (2014). Communication management among athlete and coaches. European Scientific Journal. 3, 1-13.
This article discusses how both managers and coaches manage their communication with athletes in on a individual basis and on a team basis. The article is a study that the “researcher is looking for the process of communication which makes it messages interpretation more reliable”. Coach-Athlete communication was used as samples, and the research was around that type of communication. 200 athletes and 14 coaches were surveyed. The research was also done in an effort to enhance Development Communication Management. The article explained communication to be a process that involves listening, observing, questioning, analyzing and evaluating.
The research conducted in this article found that “communication between coaches and individual athletes takes place before competition rather that right before competition”. During competition individual athletes usually communicate with their teammates as their teammates are usually on the sidelines cheering them on. There were also findings on communication styles. Female athletes prefer visual communication while male athletes had equal preference for visual and verbal communication. The research brought out evidence that there are difference in communication practice of both athletes and coach, as well as teams and the individual athlete. As a result, to help with communication development coaches, athletes, and teams must determine their fastest mode of communication (Ex. Verbal or visual). Coaches and athletes should also know the best time to communicate (Ex. Coaches communicates with Athletes hours before competition, instead of right before competition), because this will result in the success of the athlete or the success of the coach.
This article is very effective, useful and worthy for the topic being studied because it provided an actual research that produced data that were analyzed and generated results on how to aid in Development Communication Management, and when is the right time for a
Coach-athlete communication to take place. The results of the study were generated from surveys and questionnaires given to athletes and coaches. This provided evidence and it backs up the reliability and credibility of the results presented in the article. The article even showed the communication differences between male and female athletes, this provided a different perspective on the communication process between athletes and coaches base on gender.
Rezania, D., & Gurney, R. (2014). Building successful student-athlete coach relationships: Examining coaching practices and commitment to the coach. Springer plus, 3, 383.
The researchers of this study wanted to examine the impact coach’s commitment and practices has on the relationship dynamics of the coach and athlete. The research was done using that data gathered from university student athletes in Canada. “This paper provides a conceptual framework for examining the impact of coach-athlete relationships on coaching outcomes of role behavior and performance, and the influence of coaching practices on building and maintaining the relationships. We use the concept of commitment as the construct against which to evaluate coach-athlete relationships”. There are factors that should be considered when trying to develop this intricate relationship. Planning and designing the coaching engagement, building and maintaining rapport, establishing and maintaining trust, building credibility are all factors to be considered by both athletes and coaches in order to have that lasting relationship. Commitment was the big focus of the article and commitment can be seen for an athlete as “a strong belief in the goals and values (normative); a willingness to exert considerable effort on behalf of the coach (affective); and a strong desire to continue working (continuance) with the coach”. The study identifies that coaching behaviors should be adapted by the coach, such as, training and development, information sharing, and encouraging teamwork. These behaviors I pact on how committed the coach is and how committed the athlete will be. In essence the research shows how commitment from both parties will create a good relationship. “The results of this study indicate the importance of three coaching practices that lead to commitment, and the willingness to do more. It also indicates that among these three practices, information sharing plays a more important role than training and development or encouraging teamwork”.
I would say this research wis effective and useful because it helps us to understand the coach athlete relationship by applying commitment as a concept in the relationship. This help to look at coach athlete relationship in a different way. The research used previous research on commitment to help us understand how this concept affects relationships and this makes it very effective in bringing the major points across to the readers- “The managerial significance of this research rests in the insight provided into how coaching practices influence athlete’s behavior through commitment to the coach”.
Seden, A., Fatma, C., & Kizidag, E. (2018). Examination of the relationship between coach-athlete communication levels and perceived motivational climate for volleyball players. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 6, 346-353.
This study use volleyball players to examine the relationship between the athletes and the coach and the motivational environment created by the coach. After doing a research with the volleyball players, the researchers found that the “correlational analysis revealed that the perceived mastery motivational climate, in which role sharing in team, co-operation with teammates, and improvement are emphasized, were associated with experiencing higher levels of closeness, commitment and complementarity with coach”. The results also show that a good coach athlete relationship will lead to having a highly motivational environment. The article went over the research process and showed the readers how the research was conducted. The research was able to provide advice to coaches to work with athletes to promote a more mastery-oriented training environment, “creating quality milestones and environments to enhance sharing are recommended to increase positive relationships and effective communication between coaches and athletes. In this way, coaches make greater contributions to the athlete's enjoyment of training and improving their individual development”.