Unit 2 DB: The Artist as an Individual Genius
Chapter 23
HIGH RENAISSANCE AND MANNERISM IN NORTHERN EUROPE AND SPAIN
Kleiner, Gardner’s Art through the Ages: A Global History, 16th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objectives
Explain how 16th-century northern European art reflects the principles of the Protestant Reformation.
Describe Dürer’s art theory and its impact on his work.
Discuss the history, processes, and functions of prints in northern Europe.
Detail the role of patrons in the art and architecture of the 16th century.
Discuss the development of art and architecture during this period in France, especially as influenced by the patronage of Louis I.
Outline the role of women as both artists and patrons during this period.
Describe the influence of Italian Renaissance and Mannerist art in northern Europe and Spain.
Describe how 16th-century Spanish art embodies the principles of the Catholic Counter-Reformation.
Kleiner, Gardner’s Art through the Ages: A Global History, 16th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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MAP 23.1
23.1 Europe in the early 16th century.
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Figure 23.1
23.1 Quinten Massys, Money-Changer and His Wife, 1514. Oil on wood, 2' 3 3/4" 2' 2 3/8". Musée du Louvre, Paris.
Kleiner, Gardner’s Art through the Ages: A Global History, 16th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Figure 23.2
23.2 Matthias Grünewald, Isenheim Altarpiece (top: closed; bottom: open), from the chapel of the Hospital of Saint Anthony, Isenheim, France, ca. 1512–1515. Oil on wood, center panel 9' 9 1/2" 10' 9", each wing 8' 2 1/2" 3' 1/2", predella 2' 5 1/2" 11' 2". Shrine carved by Nikolaus Hagenauer, ca. 1505. Painted and gilt limewood, 9' 9 1/2" 10' 9". Musée d’Unterlinden, Colmar.
Kleiner, Gardner’s Art through the Ages: A Global History, 16th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Figure 23.3
23.3 Albrecht Dürer, Self-Portrait, 1500. Oil on wood, 2' 2 1/4" 1' 7 1/4". Alte Pinakothek, Munich.
Kleiner, Gardner’s Art through the Ages: A Global History, 16th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Figure 23.3A
23.3A Albrecht Dürer, Great Piece of Turf, 1503. Watercolor, 1' 3 3/4" 1' 3/8". Albertina, Vienna.
Kleiner, Gardner’s Art through the Ages: A Global History, 16th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Figure 23.4
23.4 Albrecht Dürer, Fall of Man (Adam and Eve), 1504. Engraving, 9 7/8" 7 5/8". Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (centennial gift of Landon T. Clay).
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Figure 23.4A
23.4A Albrecht Dürer, Knight, Death, and the Devil, 1513. Engraving, 9 5/8" 7 3/8". Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Kleiner, Gardner’s Art through the Ages: A Global History, 16th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Figure 23.5
23.5 Albrecht Dürer, Melencolia I, 1514. Engraving, 9 3/8" 7 1/2". Victoria & Albert Museum, London.
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Figure 23.6
23.6 Albrecht Dürer, Four Apostles, from the city hall, Nuremberg, Germany, 1526. Oil on wood, each panel 7' 1" 2' 6". Alte Pinakothek, Munich.
Kleiner, Gardner’s Art through the Ages: A Global History, 16th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Figure 23.7
23.7 Lucas Cranach the Elder, Law and Gospel, ca. 1530. Woodcut, 10 5/8" 1' 3/4". British Museum, London.
Kleiner, Gardner’s Art through the Ages: A Global History, 16th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Figure 23.8
23.8 Lucas Cranach the Elder, Judgment of Paris, 1530. Oil on wood, 1' 1 1/2" 9 1/2". Staatliche Kunsthalle, Karlsruhe.
Kleiner, Gardner’s Art through the Ages: A Global History, 16th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Figure 23.9
23.9 Hans Baldung Grien, Witches’ Sabbath, 1510. Chiaroscuro woodcut, 1' 2 7/8" 10 1/4". British Museum, London.
Kleiner, Gardner’s Art through the Ages: A Global History, 16th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Figure 23.10
23.10 Hans Baldung Grien, Three Ages of Woman and Death, 1510. Oil on wood, 1' 3 3/4" 1' 3/4". Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.
Kleiner, Gardner’s Art through the Ages: A Global History, 16th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Figure 23.11
23.11 Albrecht Altdorfer, Battle of Issus, 1529. Oil on wood, 5' 2 1/4" 3' 11 1/4". Alte Pinakothek, Munich.
Kleiner, Gardner’s Art through the Ages: A Global History, 16th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Figure 23.12
23.12 Hans Holbein the Younger, The French Ambassadors, 1533. Oil and tempera on wood, 6' 8" 6' 9 1/2". National Gallery, London.
Kleiner, Gardner’s Art through the Ages: A Global History, 16th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Figure 23.12A
23.12A Hans Holbein the Younger, Henry VIII, 1540. Oil on wood, 2' 8 1/2" 2' 5 1/2". Galleria Nazionale d’Arte Antica, Palazzo Barberini, Rome.
Kleiner, Gardner’s Art through the Ages: A Global History, 16th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Figure 23.13
23.13 Hieronymus Bosch, Garden of Earthly Delights, ca. 1505–1510. Oil on wood, center panel 7' 2 5/8" 6' 4 3/4", each wing 7' 2 5/8" 3' 2 1/4". Museo del Prado, Madrid.
Kleiner, Gardner’s Art through the Ages: A Global History, 16th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Figure 23.14
23.14 Jan Gossaert, Neptune and Amphitrite, 1516. Oil on wood, 6' 2" 4' 3/4". Gemäldegalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Berlin.
Kleiner, Gardner’s Art through the Ages: A Global History, 16th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Figure 23.14A
23.14A Jan Gossaert, Saint Luke Drawing the Virgin Mary, ca. 1520. Oil on wood, 3' 7 1/8" 2' 8 1/4". Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.
Kleiner, Gardner’s Art through the Ages: A Global History, 16th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Figure 23.15
23.15 Pieter Aertsen, Butcher’s Stall, 1551. Oil on wood, 4' 3/8" 6' 5 3/4". Uppsala University Art Collection, Uppsala.
Kleiner, Gardner’s Art through the Ages: A Global History, 16th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Figure 23.16
23.16 Caterina van Hemessen, Self-Portrait, 1548. Oil on wood, 1' 3/4" 9 7/8". Kunstmuseum Basel, Basel.
Kleiner, Gardner’s Art through the Ages: A Global History, 16th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Figure 23.17
23.17 Attributed to Levina Teerlinc, Elizabeth I as a Princess, ca. 1559. Oil on wood, 3' 6 3/4" 2' 8 1/4". Royal Collection, Windsor Castle, Windsor.
Kleiner, Gardner’s Art through the Ages: A Global History, 16th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Figure 23.18
23.18 Joachim Patinir, Landscape with Saint Jerome, ca. 1520–1524. Oil on wood, 2' 5 1/8" 2' 11 7/8". Museo del Prado, Madrid.
Kleiner, Gardner’s Art through the Ages: A Global History, 16th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Figure 23.19
23.19 Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Netherlandish Proverbs, 1559. Oil on wood, 3' 10" 5' 4 1/8". Gemäldegalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Berlin.
Kleiner, Gardner’s Art through the Ages: A Global History, 16th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Figure 23.19A
23.19A Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Fall of Icarus, copy of an original of ca. 1555–1560. Oil on wood transferred to canvas, 2' 5" 3' 8 1/8". Musées Royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, Brussels.
Kleiner, Gardner’s Art through the Ages: A Global History, 16th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Figure 23.20
23.20 Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Hunters in the Snow, 1565. Oil on wood, 3' 10 1/8" 5' 3 3/4". Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.
Kleiner, Gardner’s Art through the Ages: A Global History, 16th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Figure 23.21
23.21 Jean Clouet, Francis I, ca. 1525–1530. Tempera and oil on wood, 3' 2" 2' 5". Musée du Louvre, Paris.
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Figure 23.21A
23.21A Gilles le Breton, Gallery of Francis I, Château of Fontainebleau, France, begun 1528, with paintings and stuccoes by Rosso Fiorentino and Francesco Primaticcio, ca. 1533–1539.
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Figure 23.22
23.22 Château de Chambord (looking northwest), Chambord, France, begun 1519.
Kleiner, Gardner’s Art through the Ages: A Global History, 16th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Figure 23.23
23.23 Pierre Lescot, west wing of the Cour Carrée (Square Court; looking west) of the Louvre, Paris, France, begun 1546.
Kleiner, Gardner’s Art through the Ages: A Global History, 16th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Figure 23.23A
23.23A Jean Goujon, Nymphs, detail of the east side of the Fountain of the Innocents, Paris, France, 1547–1549. Marble, each relief 6' 4 3/4" 2' 4 3/4". Plaster casts in situ. Originals in Musée du Louvre, Paris.
Kleiner, Gardner’s Art through the Ages: A Global History, 16th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Figure 23.24
23.24 Portal, Colegio de San Gregorio, Valladolid, Spain, ca. 1498.
Kleiner, Gardner’s Art through the Ages: A Global History, 16th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Figure 23.24A
23.24A Portal, Casa de Montejo, Mérida, Mexico, 1549.
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Figure 23.25
23.25 Juan de Herrera and Juan Bautista de Toledo, El Escorial (looking southeast), near Madrid, Spain, 1563–1584.
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Figure 23.26
23.26 El Greco, View of Toledo, ca. 1610. Oil on canvas, 3' 11 3/4" 3' 6 3/4". Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (H. O. Havemeyer Collection. Bequest of Mrs. H. O. Havemeyer, 1929).
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Figure 23.27
23.27 El Greco, Burial of Count Orgaz, 1586. Oil on canvas, 16' 12'. Santo Tomé, Toledo.
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Discussion Questions
How does Protestant art differ from Catholic art during the Reformation and Counter-Reformation? What’s an interesting example from another era, or even now, of how religion influences art?
What role do you think the Isenheim Altarpiece had for the patients in the hospital for which it was painted? Can you think of other ways art intersects with medicine?
Bosch’s enigmatic Garden of Earthly Delights remains the center of controversy. Which interpretation of it do you find most compelling?
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