Fluid Power Diagrams and Questions (Mechanical engineering Pneumatic & hydraulic)

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MODULE TITLE : APPLICATIONS OF PNEUMATICS AND

HYDRAULICS

TOPIC TITLE : FLUID POWER DIAGRAMS

LESSON 2 : CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS

APH - 1 - 2

Published by Teesside University Open Learning (Engineering)

School of Science & Engineering

Teesside University

Tees Valley, UK

TS1 3BA

+44 (0)1642 342740

retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,

photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission

of the Copyright owner.

This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or

otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out or otherwise circulated without the publisher's

prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is

published and without a similar condition including this

condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.

________________________________________________________________________________________

INTRODUCTION ________________________________________________________________________________________

In the last lesson we dealt with the standard graphical symbols used to

represent fluid power circuits. Here we show the main standards used for

circuit drawings.

________________________________________________________________________________________

YOUR AIMS ________________________________________________________________________________________

On completion of this lesson you should be able to:

• explain the correct system layout

• identify fluid power circuit diagrams.

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________________________________________________________________________________________

FLUID POWER CIRCUITS ________________________________________________________________________________________

A fluid power system can be broken into a number of levels representing

hardware and signal flow. Diagrammatic representation of the structure of a

fluid power system is shown in FIGURE 1.

FIG. 1

From this diagram we can see that the primary levels in a fluid power system

are:

• energy supply

• power control

• actuating devices (actuators).

Drive section: Actuating devices/outputs

Final control element

Processing elements Processor signals

Input elements

Power supply section: Energy supply source

Signals input (sensors)

Power control section:

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The signals input may be carried out manually (hand lever, foot pedal, etc.),

mechanically (roller, spring, etc.), contactlessly (remote control) or by other

means (electric/electronic, etc). Signals can be processed in many ways, such

as by an operator, electricity, electronics, pneumatics, mechanics and hydraulics.

As an example, the elements used in each section in a pneumatic system are

shown in FIGURE 2.

FIG. 2

Actuating devices/outputs

E n er

g y

a n d s

ig n a l

fl o w

Final control element

Processing elements Processor signals

Input elements

Energy supply source

Cylinders Motors Indicators

Directional control valves

Compressor Receiver Pressure regulator Air service equipment

Directional control valves Limit switches Pushbuttons Proximit sensors

Directional control valves Logical elements Pressure control valves

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FIGURE 3 shows a pneumatic circuit drawing. It should be noted that the

circuit diagram could be drawn without considering the actual physical

location of each element.

FIG. 3

Pressure in hydraulic systems is much higher than that in pneumatic systems.

Therefore, pressure regulation and adjustment are vital to keep the control

system working properly. It is very important to use pressure control elements

in any location necessary. FIGURE 4 shows a typical hydraulic system, in

which there are three pressure control valves used. You should note where the

pressure control elements (valves and pressure meters) are applied.

From FIGURES 3 and 4, we can see that circuit diagrams reproduce the design

of the fluid power systems. With the help of standard symbols, they show how

the various components are connected together.

Final control element

Signal processor

Signal input (sensors)

Energy supply (source)

Actuator

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FIG. 4

In drawing a circuit diagram, we should follow the principles below:

(1) Power flows basically from the bottom of the circuit to the top.

(2) Energy source can be shown in simplified form.

P T

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(3) Physical arrangement of the elements can be ignored.

(4) Draw the cylinders and directional control valves horizontally wherever

possible.

(5) Cylinders extend from left to right.

(6) Valves are shown in the neutral or initial position of control.

(7) Pipelines are drawn straight and junctions are indicated by a dot.

In our later study, we will look at the elements frequently used in every section

in both hydraulics and pneumatics.

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________________________________________________________________________________________

NOTES ________________________________________________________________________________________

...................................................................................................................................................

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________________________________________________________________________________________

SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS ________________________________________________________________________________________

1. In the same way as the description shown in FIGURE 3, classify the

components in the hydraulic system shown in FIGURE 4.

FIG. 4 (Reproduced)

P T

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2. Use the symbols shown in FIGURE 5 to build up a pneumatic system.

FIG. 5

5 1 3

4 2

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________________________________________________________________________________________

ANSWERS TO SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS ________________________________________________________________________________________

1. The answer is shown in FIGURE 6.

FIG. 6

P T

Actuator

Final control element

Signal input (sensors)

Energy supply (source)

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2. The answer is shown in FIGURE 7.

FIG. 7

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________________________________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY ________________________________________________________________________________________

In this short lesson we have studied the principles used to present circuit

diagrams of fluid power systems, which will be very useful and important in

our later investigation of pneumatics and hydraulics.

The use of CAD packages can automatically produce drawings to the correct

standards. By means of Microsoft Office Visio you can build up circuit

diagrams of fluid power system easily.

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