QUALITY ENHANCE PAPER (QEP)
PART 1: AUTHOR(S)
INDIVIDUAL(S) AS AUTHOR(S)
In-text citations need only the author’s last name.
Charles R. Drew, MD (Drew, 2018)
*See chart below for entries featuring multiple authors
GROUP AS AUTHOR
An article or webpage may not include the author(s) but rather may have a group author. Corporations, schools, associations, government agencies, etc. can serve as the author. For example, if a resource is found on the World Health Organization website, WHO is the author.
… (World Health Organization [WHO], 2019) …
CITING MULTIPLE WORKS PARENTHETICALLY
Parenthetical citations should be ordered alphabetically by first authors’ last names and separated with a semicolon:
Several studies (Miller, 1999; Stone & Mathers, 2001) support …
NO AUTHOR
When a work has no identified author, cite the first few
words of the reference page entry (usually the title) and
the year.
...on free care ( “Teaching Tips,” 2007) ...
...the book College Bound Seniors (2008) ...
IN-TEXT CITATIONS: APA 7 th
Edition
Number of authors
A. Narrative citation
(author’s name is a part of the sentence)
B. Parenthetical citation
(author’s name is not a part of the sentence)
1 Walker (2007) (Walker, 2007)
A. In his study on pressure ulcer prevention, Walker (2007) found that... B. To prevent pressure ulcers, nurses should turn patients every two hours (Walker, 2007).
2 Walker and Allen (2007) (Walker & Allen, 2007)
A. In their study on pressure ulcer prevention, Walker and Allen (2007) found that... B. To prevent pressure ulcers, nurses should turn patients every two hours (Walker & Allen, 2007).
3+ Walker et al. (2007) (Walker et al., 2007)
A. In their study on pressure ulcer prevention, Walker et al. (2007) found that... B. To prevent pressure ulcers, nurses should turn patients every two hours (Walker et al., 2007).
Group Authors
A. First
narrative citation
B. Subsequent
narrative citations
C. First
parenthetical citation
D. Subsequent
parenthetical citations
with abbreviations
Miami Dade College (MDC, 2007)
MDC (2007) (Miami Dade College
[MDC], 2007) (MDC, 2007)
A. In its study on pressure ulcer prevention, Miami Dade College (MDC, 2007) found that... B. In its study on pressure ulcer prevention, MDC (2007) found that... C. To prevent pressure ulcers, nurses should turn patients every two hours (Miami Dade College [MDC], 2007). D. To prevent pressure ulcers, nurses should turn patients every two hours (MDC, 2007).
without abbreviations
University of Pittsburgh (2007)
University of Pittsburgh (2007)
(University of Pittsburgh, 2007)
(University of Pittsburgh, 2007)
A. In its study on pressure ulcer prevention, University of Pittsburgh (2007) found that... B. In its study on pressure ulcer prevention, University of Pittsburgh (2007) found that... C. To prevent pressure ulcers, nurses should turn patients every two hours (University of Pittsburgh, 2007). D. To prevent pressure ulcers, nurses should turn patients every two hours (University of Pittsburgh, 2007).
PART 2: THE DATE
Include the year the resource was published. No date provided? Then use n.d. which means no date.
…(Bath, n.d.)…
PART 3: PAGE OR
PARAGRAPH NUMBER
Do not add page or paragraph number(s)
if paraphrasing!
When citing a direct quotation (a word for word copy of
the text), include the page number if the quote was
sourced from a paginated document such as a book or
journal.
one page:
“direct quote” (Bath, 2018, p. 142)
multiple pages:
“direct quote” (Bath, 2018, pp. 142-143)
NO PAGE NUMBER?
If there are no page numbers, as is the case with webpages, use the paragraph number instead.
single paragraph:
“direct quote” (Bath, 2018, para. 142)
multiple paragraphs:
“direct quote” (Bath, 2018, paras. 142-143)
BLOCK QUOTES
If a quote is 40+ words, it has to be placed in a block
quote.
Example
Miele (1993) found the following:
The “placebo effect,” which had been verified in
previous studies, disappeared when behaviors were
studied in this manner. Furthermore, the behaviors were
never exhibited again [emphasis added], even when reel
[sic] drugs were administered. Earlier studies (e.g.,
Abdullah, 1984; Fox, 1979) were clearly premature in
attributing the results to a placebo effect. (p. 276)
Continue current paragraph or start new paragraph
SECONDARY SOURCE: USE SPARINGLY
These are used when you’re citing a source you did not read yourself but instead read within someone else’s work. For example, Allport’s work is cited in Nicholson, but you did not read directly from Allport.
Allport claims that more regulation is needed (as cited in Nicholson, 2003).
*Be sure to cite Nicholson in your reference list, not Allport.
WORKS WITH SAME AUTHOR AND DATE
When multiple references have the same author(s) and publication year, include a lowercase letter after the year. The year letter combination is used in both the in-text citation and the reference list.
(Judge & Kammeyer-Mueller, 2012a)
Judge & Kammeyer-Mueller (2012b)
(Sifuentes, n.d.-a, n.d.-b)
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
CITING SPECIFIC PARTS OF A SOURCE
To cite a specific part of a source, provide an author-date citation for the work plus information about the specific part. There are many possible parts to cite including:
pages, paragraphs, sections, tables, figures, supplemental material, or footnotes from an article, book, report, webpage, or other work;
chapters, forewords, or other sections of authored books;
time stamps of videos or audiobooks; and
slide numbers in PowerPoint presentations.
EXAMPLES
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019, p. 10)
(Shimamura, 2017, Chapter 3)
(Armstrong, 2015, pp. 3-17)
(Shadid, 2020, paras. 2-3)
(Kovacic & Horvat, 2019, Table 1)
(Thompson, 2020, Slide 7)
(Beck Institute of Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 2012, 1:30:40)
UNDER/OVERCITATION
Undercitation
ex. a citation at the end of a paragraph meant to cite all
information within the paragraph.
Overcitation
ex. the same citation repeated in every sentence when the source
and topic have not changed.
When paraphrasing a key point in more than one sentence within a paragraph, cite the source in the first relevant sentence and do not repeat the citation in subsequent sentences as long as the source remains clear and unchanged. When the author’s name appears in the narrative, the year can be omitted only when multiple narrative citations to a work appear within a single paragraph. For example:
Koehler (2016) experimentally examined how journalistic coverage influences public perception of the level of agreement among experts. Koehler provided participants with quotations from real reviews for movies that critics either loved or loathed.
The second reference to Koehler does not require the date because the source of the information (“Koehler, 2016”) remains clear and is unchanged.
PERSONAL COMMUNICATION
Personal communications may be private letters, memos, some electronic communications, personal interviews, and telephone conversations. Personal communications are not included in the reference list.
T. K. Lutes (personal communication, April 18, 2001) (V.-G. Nguyen, personal communications, September 28, 1998)