research paper
APA Style 7th Edition
Quick Guide
Type of Citation Narrative Citations, First Citation in Text
Narrative Citations, Subsequent Citations in Text
Parenthetical Format, First Citation in Text
Parenthetical Format, Subsequent Citations in Text
1 work by 1 author Siegel (2004) Siegel (2004) (Siegel, 2004) (Siegel, 2004)
1 work by 2 authors Hunt and Wilkins (2007) Hunt and Wilkins (2007) (Hunt & Wilkins, 2007) (Hunt & Wilkins, 2007)
1 work by 3 or more authors
Baxter et al. (2005) Baxter et al. (2005) (Baxter et al., 2005) (Baxter et al., 2005)
Groups (readily identi- fied through abbrevia- tions) as authors
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2007)
CDC (2007) (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2007)
(CDC, 2007)
Groups (no abbrevia- tion) as authors
University of Southern California (2010)
University of Southern California (2010)
(University of Southern California, 2010)
(University of South- ern California, 2010)
2 or more works
Harlow (1999) and Smith (2001)
Harlow (1999) and Smith (2001)
(Harlow, 1999; Smith, 2001)
(Harlow, 1999; Smith, 2001)
2 or more works by 1 author in the same year
Jones (2009a) Jones (2009b)
Jones (2009a) Jones (2009b)
(Jones, 2009a) (Jones, 2009b)
(Jones, 2009a) (Jones, 2009b)
Work with no author "Understanding infor- mation overload" (n.d.)
"Understanding infor- mation overload" (n.d.)
("Understanding infor- mation overload," n.d.)
("Understanding in- formation overload," n.d.)
Secondary Source with year of primary source
Freud (1916) ... (as cit- ed in Jones, 2003)
Freud (1916) ... (as cited in Jones, 2003)
(Freud, 1916, as cited in Jones, 2003)
(Freud, 1916, as cited in Jones, 2003)
Secondary Source without year of prima- ry source
Freud (as cited in Jones, 2003)
Freud (as cited in Jones, 2003)
(Freud, as cited in Jones, 2003)
(Freud, as cited in Jones, 2003)
Personal Communica- tion (Do not include in Reference page)
J.Smith (personal com- munication, March 19, 2016)
J.Smith (personal com- munication, March 19, 2016)
(J. Smith, personal com- munication, March 19, 2016)
(J. Smith, personal communication, March 19, 2016)
Court Decision Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
(Brown v. Board of Edu- cation, 1954)
(Brown v. Board of Education, 1954)
Federal Statue Violence Against Wom- en (1994)
Violence Against Wom- en (1994)
(Violence Against Wom- en, 1994)
(Violence Against Women, 1994)
In-Text Citations Quick View
APA Style
The Publication Manual of the American Psycho-
logical Association, 7th edition is used by social sci-
ence disciplines. The APA manual sets the rules on
how to format a research paper, formatting of the
sources used, and how information should be pre-
sented.
In-Text Citations Appear in the body of your paper, and identify the
source of an idea or quotation. In-text citations
typically include WHO (author) and WHEN
(publication year).
If a source doesn’t have a publication date, use
“n.d.” for “no date.”
Direct quotes also include the specific location of
the quote. Typically it’s “p. #” for page number, but
may deviate based on source type.
In-text citations have two style options. Narrative
citations include the author as part of the narrative
but place the year of publication in parentheses
next to the author and page number at the end of a
direct quote in it’s own set of parentheses. Paren-
thetical citations place author, year and page num-
ber (where applicable) at the end of a idea or quote
within parentheses.
Source Type In-text Citation Reference List
Book with one author (Richardson, 1999). Richardson, V. (1999). Teaching gerontological social work: A compendium of model
syllabi. Council on Social Work Education.
Chapter from an edited
book
(Rappaport, 1999). Rappaport, B. A. (1999). On-site school-based mental health clinics: 15 years of expe-
rience in Orange County, California. In A.H. Esman, & L. T. Flaherty, (Eds.), Adolescent
psychiatry: Development and clinical studies, (pp. 91-100). The Analytic Press.
Organization/corporation
as author
(American Psycho-
logical Association
[APA], 2020).
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
Journal article with doi (Fink & Hummel,
2015).
Fink, J., & Hummel, M. (2015). With educational benefits for all: Campus inclusion
through learning communities designed for underserved student populations. New
Directions for Student Services, 2015(149), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/ss.20115
Online newspaper article (Logan, 2014). Logan, T. (2014, December 21). Highland Park residents feel the squeeze of gentrifi-
cation. The Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/business/realestate/la-fi-
highland-park-renters-20141221-story.html
Thesis, from a commercial
database
(Nicometo, 2015). Nicometo, D. N. (2015). Increasing international education to develop culturally com-
petent social workers: Social media recommendations for social work abroad pro-
gram 501(c)3 (Order No. 1597712). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
Global. (1717577238).
Multiple pages from the
same website, organization
as author
(American Psycho-
logical Association
[APA], 2019a)
(APA, 2019b).
(APA, 2019c).
American Psychological Association. (2019a). Careers in psychology. https:// www.apa.org/careers/index
American Psychological Association. (2019b). Psychology topics. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/topics/index
American Psychological Association. (2019c). About APA. https://www.apa.org/
about/index
Reference Examples
Additional Resources from USC Libraries
APA Publication Manual, 7th edition. Doheny Memorial Library BOOKSTACKS BF76.7 .P83
APA Style Guide, 7th edition: https://libguides.usc.edu/APA7th
Academic Integrity Academic honesty is essential to an
university community’s purpose and
pursuits. Thus, academic integrity is
expected of all USC students. A stu-
dent’s academic work and conduct
should always represent the stu-
dent’s personal effort and thus be
above reproach. Those who are
dishonest impair their own intellec-
tual and personal growth and devel-
opment and undermine the integri-
ty of the community that nurtures
them.
Reference List
Starts on a new page after the
body of your paper titled Refer-
ences (before appendix)
References follow a Who,
When, What and Where for-
mat.
Includes ALL sources cited and
quoted within your paper
(except personal communica-
tion or interviews)
Listed alphabetically by first
author
Only authors last name and
initials are provided
Pay attention to capitalization
and proper use of ¡Italics.