Epidemiology
Running head: ARTICLE ASSESSMENT 1
ARTICLE ASSESSMENT 5
Article Assessment
Students Name
Institutional Affiliation
Course
Instructor
Date of Submission
Part One
Sampling Frame for each phase of the Whitehall study
The sample population for the study conducted by Breeze et al. (2001) was men aged 40 years to 69 years examined between 1967 and 1970. The sample frame for the research conducted by Chandola et al. (2008), was 10308 men and women who were London based and worked as civil servants in 20 departments from 1985 to 1988 and were aged 35 years to 55 years. The sampling frame for Marmot et al. (1978), was 17530 men working in the civil service in London.
Assessment of Risk factors based on Data Collection and Analysis
In the research conducted by Marmot el al (1978), information was collected using standardized questionnaires. The standardized questions were aimed at gathering information on the risk factors associated with coronary disease. The information was on medical treatment, smoking history, leisure activities, and respiratory symptoms. The study electro-cardiograms were classified based on blood glucose levels, blood pressure, weight, height, and blood pressure. The assessment of age was done using the total population. Data analysis in this study was done through multivariate analysis to evaluate the degree to which variances between the grades of the risk aspects might account for grade variances in coronary disease death rates. Multivariate analysis was the most appropriate method of data analysis in this study since it measures the relationship between the risk factors associated with coronary disease.
In the study conducted by Chandola et al. (2008), data collection were done through the administration of postal questionnaires, job-strain questionnaires, and clinical examination. The questionnaires were aimed at collecting information on work stress. The clinical examination provided information on the biological factors associated with coronary disease. The biological factors include blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and blood glucose, and waist circumference in women. Data on behavioral risk factors related to coronary disease were collected using postal questionnaires. The behavioral factors are diet, alcohol consumption, smoking habits, and physical activity. Data on behavioral risk factors were analyzed using logic regression analysis and coded into binary variables to determine the relationship between unsafe drinking, poor eating habits, excessive smoking and lack of regular exercise, and the high rates of coronary ailment. Regression models are essential in data analysis since it helps in the identification of the factors that matter the most in the research study.
In the study conducted by Breeze et al. (2001), data were collected through the use of questionnaires that gave information on family history, personal history, and smoking habits. The information provided insight into the risk factors associated with coronary disease. The clinical examination provided information on blood pressure, weight, height, and cholesterol levels. Data analysis was done through the use of pf CH-square to determine the univariate association between the risk factors. CH- square enables the researchers to compare different variables and samples of a population.
The extent to which the results from the three studies can be provide insights for other populations
The results from the three research studies show how the risk factors associated with coronary disease contribute to the high rates of the disease. Health factors such as saturated fat levels and blood pressure contribute to the high rates of coronary disease. Behavioral factors such as poor eating habits, lack of physical activity, excessive smoking, and alcohol consumption contribute to the high rates of coronary disease. Work stress is a risk aspect related to coronary disease. Socioeconomic status is a factor associated with coronary disease. People in the low economic situation have access to inadequate health facilities, poor mental health, high smoking habits, and high-stress levels, which contribute to the high rates of coronary disease (Breeze et al, 2001).
Further Studies in Australian based on the Three Studies
It will be practical to conduct a related research in Australian because the coronary ailment is the primary source of death in Australia. The study will be appropriate if conducted on Australian Women's longitudinal study. The three studies provide an assessment of the risk factors associated with coronary disease. Thus it will give an insight into the key factors that the researcher should evaluate will conducting the research study. The methods of data gathering and examination of the three studies are the most appropriate since they provide the correlation between the risk aspects and coronary ailment. The researchers conducting a research study in Australia can effectively use these methods of data analysis and collection in their further education.
Part Two
The causal relationship between lung cancer and smoking
Justification
Thurston, S. W., Liu, G., Miller, D. P., & Christiani, D. C. (2005). Modeling lung cancer risk in case-control studies using a new dose metric of smoking. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers, 14(10), 2296-2302.
Association between depression and binge eating in a population of obese adolescents and adults
The best research plan is Meta-analysis. The research design is the most appropriate since it provides a larger sample population that helps researchers propose meaningful conclusions. Meta-analysis gives access to more data, and allows researchers to collect data for rare medical conditions such as depression (Mannan et al, 2016). The disadvantages are that the data is subject to publication bias, and poorly conducted research comprises the entire research process. Data collection and analysis should be conducted carefully to provide accurate and reliable results that can be used for further studies.
Justification
Mannan, M., Mamun, A., Doi, S., & Clavarino, A. (2016). Prospective associations between depression and obesity for adolescent males and females-a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. PloS one, 11(6).
Long term effects of detention on the mental and physical health of asylum Seekers
The best research plan is cross-sectional design. The research plan is useful for this study since it provides information on age, ethnicity, income, and geographical location. Multiple variables can be evaluated at a time using cross-sectional study, and the research findings provide in-depth analysis in further studies (Giallo et al, 2017). The disadvantages of the research design are that it does not determine cause and effect, and the results can be subject to publication bias. Adherence to data protection and confidentiality should be maintained at all levels of research
Justification
Giallo, R., Riggs, E., Lynch, C., Vanpraag, D., Yelland, J., Szwarc, J. ... & Brown, S. J. (2017). The physical and mental health problems of refugee and migrant fathers: findings from an Australian population-based study of children and their families. BMJ Open, 7(11).
Relationship between folate supplementation during pregnancy and development of autism in offspring
Cohort examination is the best research plan for this study because it provides information on a particular group of individuals. The cohort study for this research will be pregnant women. The cohort study gives a direct estimation of the comparative threat and outcomes of the risk aspects that can be determined (Suren et al, 2013). Cohort study is unsuitable for rare diseases, and follow up procedures take a lot of time. The privacy of health status pregnant women should be kept confidential.
Justification
Surén, P., Roth, C., Bresnahan, M., Haugen, M., Hornig, M., Hirtz, D., ... & Schjølberg, S. (2013). Association between maternal use of folic acid supplements and risk of autism spectrum disorders in children. Jama, 309(6), 570-577.
Testing of a drug for use in older people diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease
Cross-sectional examination stands to be the best research design for this study. It appropriate in this study since it will provide analysis of testing in elderly people. The advantage of the study design is that it gives the frequency of health issues in older people and can be used to assess the burden of Alzheimer's ailment (Anderson et al, 2011). The disadvantages are potential bias of the data is likely to occur, and it is difficult to determine the outcome of the drug on the patients who have Alzheimer's disease. Respect for patients who have Alzheimer's disease should be prioritized.
Justification
Andersen, F., Viitanen, M., Halvorsen, D. S., Straume, B., & Engstad, T. A. (2011). Co-morbidity and drug treatment in Alzheimer's disease. A cross-sectional study of participants in the dementia study in northern Norway. BMC geriatrics, 11(1), 58.
References
Breeze, E., Fletcher, A. E., Leon, D. A., Marmot, M. G., Clarke, R. J., & Shipley, M. J. (2001). Do socioeconomic disadvantages persist into old age? Self-reported morbidity in a 29-year follow-up of the Whitehall Study. American journal of public health, 91(2), 277.
Chandola, T., Britton, A., Brunner, E., Hemingway, H., Malik, M., Kumari, M., ... & Marmot, M. (2008). Work stress and coronary heart disease: what are the mechanisms?. European heart journal, 29(5), 640-648.
Marmot, M. G., Rose, G., Shipley, M., & Hamilton, P. J. (1978). Employment grade and coronary heart disease in British civil servants. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 32(4), 244-249.