JFK Assassination: Who was responsible? Were the Warren commissions accurate?
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Berkowitz, Leonard, and Jacqueline Macaulay. "The Contagion of Criminal Violence." Sociometry 34, no. 2 (1971): 238-60. Accessed April 16, 2021. doi:10.2307/2786414.
Leonard Berkowitz was a social psychologist. He is mostly known for his research on altruism and human aggression. He is also the director of FAU Medicine Primary Care in Boca Raton. The assassination of the President is obviously not the same as the other murders. It poses a greater threat to the American social order, as we previously stated, and thus may have sparked greater public concern. As a result, as we previously stated, aggressive reactions, including criminal actions, may have been suppressed for a few weeks following the incident.
Despite these discouraging findings, other evidence suggests that President Kennedy's assassination. Along with the brutal slayings in the summer of 1966 had an impact on the country's murder rate. Table 4 shows the FBI-calculated annual increases in the rate of various crimes for the entire country from 1961 to 1966.Looking at the murder data on the top line, we can see that there were particularly large increases in 1964 and 1966. Furthermore, as these murder data show, the 1966 increase is largely due to unusual jumps in the third and fourth quarters of the year, as predicted by our hypothesis.
Holland, Max. "After Thirty Years: Making Sense of the Assassination." Reviews in American History 22, no. 2 (1994): 191-209. Accessed April 16, 2021. doi:10.2307/2702884.
Holland is a journalist, author, and editor. He contributes his skills to The Wilson Quarterly and is the editorial advisory board for very famous newsletter companies. He was also the lead consult for the National Geographic Television documentary what was made in response to Kennedy’s assassination. Since he was very informed on the findings and recording of the assassination this makes the source credible. On the morning of November 22nd, Oswald took his rifle to the Depository, wrapped in brown paper, which he had just retrieved the night before. The package contained curtain rods, he told a coworker. He arrived on the sixth floor shortly after noon and fired three shots as the motorcade passed by.
Oswald presented himself as a "friend of Cuba," but the Cuban consul, who was rightfully suspicious of all North Americans, refused to issue him a visa. Oswald returned to Dallas nearly broke and enraged that he had not been recognized for who he truly was. After two weeks of job hunting, Marina's friend got him a job as an order fulfillment clerk at the Texas School Book Depository.The Dallas Times-Herald published a map of President John F. Kennedy's route through downtown Dallas on November 19th. The motorcade was scheduled to pass by the building where Oswald had been working for a month shortly after noon.
Scobey, Alfredda. "A Lawyer's Notes on the Warren Commission Report." American Bar Association Journal 51, no. 1 (1965): 39-43. Accessed April 16, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25723074.
This is a very credible source because Scobey was a member of the staff of the President’s Commission on the Assassination of JFK. She had a first account of the information that was being collected. This source revolves around the inaccuracies of the Warren Commission. Scobey states that even though there is factual evidence she states that those who were investigating did not provide staff status. Staff status is when not enough information is provided. She also states that because Lee Harvey Oswald was killed and did not attend his trial, there is no fine conclusion. In this article, we see information on Oswald’s wife, Marina’s testimony. This is significant because she provides the investigators with real information regarding her husband, after being widowed. When she is taken to give her testimony she confirms the specific clothing that her husband was wearing on the day of the assasination. She also reveals that Oswald did own a rifle like the one JFK had been shot with. She claims that the night before the assassination he had gone to get his rifle which had been wrapped in a green and brown blanket and took it back to Dallas. This source is relevant to the topic because it provides concrete evidence that Lee Harvey Oswald was responsible for the assassination. Again, since he was never able to attend his trial there is no conclusion. In addition, this is more of a reason to state that the Warren Commission is inaccurate. Many questions went unanswered. Even though there was valid information presented in the Commission, a lot of the information was left undefined due to specific sources not providing enough information. The evidence provided in the article helps to prove that Oswald was responsible because his wife, Marina, verified the clothes he was wearing November 22 along with the rifle he owned. This clothes he was wearing matched the threads that were found on the rifle, once it had been taken in for examination and investigation.
Sheatsley, Paul B., and Jacob J. Feldman. "The Assassination of President Kennedy: A Preliminary Report on Public Reactions and Behavior." The Public Opinion Quarterly 28, no. 2 (1964): 189-215. Accessed April 16, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2746986.
This article was written by Paul B. Sheatsley along with Jacob J. Feldman. It has credible information because it was published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Association for Public Opinion Research. They have researched to find as much credible information was possible regarding the assassination of Kennedy. This article revolves around what what actually happening to the citizens when the assassination occured. It gives real analyses and statistics of the populations awareness of JFK’s assassination. Many Americans, within an hour, had already heard the news that the President was dead. This affected many americans. From the day he was murdered until the day of his funeral more than ninety percent of Americans had tuned in for almost eight hours a day to listen to updated news. Those
american that were interviewed were asked what their initial reaction was and many said they were in shock and could not believe the news they had heard.
I plan to use this source in my paper because although it does not talk about the Warren Commission it brings relevant information from the actual time the assasination had happened. At the beginning of the paper I can cite this source because it will be the introduction to everything that occurred after the assasination. For example how the people reacted and the percentages of the population that continually increased of those who were informed of the assassination of John F. Kennedy. The article also provides information of the times that the assassination occured along with the sequence of events. This information will be helpful to give specific details of the place and time of the murder. In the article it also states how Oswald was very violent towards himself and others regarding Cuba and Castro. In 1959 he slit his wrist after the Soviet did not welcome him because he refused to provide information. It also states how Lee Harvey Oswald attempted to kill Edwin Walker in 1963.
Spragens, William C. "Political Impact of Presidential Assassinations and Attempted Assassinations." Presidential Studies Quarterly 10, no. 3 (1980): 336-47. Accessed April 16, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27547590.
William C. Spargens is a professor at Bowling Green State University. He is a professor that dedicates his time to researching presidential history. He also teaches political science at this university. This source was published by the Center for the Study of the Presidency and Congress. Since it was published by those who study presidential terms along with congress it makes this source all the more valid. This article provides information on Cuba’s dictator, Castro, and how he was linked to Oswald. Coincidentally, the day after Kennedy died, Castro accepted Kennedy’s offer to begin normalizing informal relations. Many people benefited from Kennedy’s death, according to the article. Those who benefitted
were all linked to Cuba. When Oswald was arrested, his background information went straight back to Castro. When Oswald was arrested, he was found to be the only one guilty. It was no one else’s fault other than his. It was said that he did not have a rational motive. This took a lot of truth and factual evidence out of the Warrens Commission. The article also provides evidence on the secret service. The secret service can undergo any challenge at any given time. They are trained to spot a criminal by just having a glance. The secret service at the time of Kennedy’s presidency had a list of 38,000 people who were against JFK and possibly a threat. Lee Harvey Oswald did not appear on that list. If the secret service had been more attentive and prepared Kenndy’s assassination would have possibly been a failed attempt of murder.
Vogt, Allen R. "The Kennedy Assassination and the History Teacher." The History Teacher 20, no. 1 (1986): 7-25. Accessed April 16, 2021. doi:10.2307/493174.
This journal article was published by Allen R. Vogt. This source is credible because it was written by a history college professor who teaches at Lone Star University. She It highlights who was charged for the murder of John F. Kennedy. According to most sources the Warrens Commission was inaccurate. On page 9 of this journal article it highlights how the Warren Commissions had a “lack of conclusive evidence.” It also provides reasons as to why the Warren Commission is inaccurate. For example, according to Vogt the Warren Commission is contradictory. This article also provides information on the accused murder of JFK which is Lee Harvey Oswald.
I intend on using this article to prove that the Warren Commission was inaccurate. Although it was dedicated to determine the true findings behind JFK’s murder it has invalid information. This article also provides back history on Lee Harvey Oswald. This provides evidence for the suspected reasoning as to why he supposedly killed the 1961-1963 president. In addition to the Warren Commissions being inaccurate this articles states that most of the questions that were asked during the time of his murder have still not been answered. Many conspiracies have aroused regarding the assasination of Kennedy and it is because there has not been a defined, factual evidence of what truly happened.
Wrone, David R. "The Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy: An Annotated Bibliography." The Wisconsin Magazine of History 56, no. 1 (1972): 21-36. Accessed April 16, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4634762.
David R. Wrone is an author and historian. He is a college professor at the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point. He has spent various years teaching American and Indian history. It has also been said that Wrone is an expert in the assassination of President Kennedy. He spent 40 years researching his assassination and has concentraded his evidence on files he has found from the FBI. This source is credible because it was written by Wrone himself after years of research and analyses. Wrone states in this article that many of the findings regarding the assassination of JFk have gone unpublished and are not found in the Warren Commissions. In the article, it states that because the Warren’s Commission was not detailed and factual to the full extent it has caused many conspiracies to arise.
Critics that researched, reviewed and analyzed the Warren Commissions found that it contains several fake facts. For example, the third bullet fired out of the three the commision claims that Oswald fired was planted in the hospital. This aids the argument of the topic because when there are various facts that do not coincide with one another it starts to create an inaccurate conclusion of the actual occurrence. When the facts do not match it cannot be overlooked. Wrone also states that commission finding at the start was simple and easy to understand but as it progresses it becomes harder to understand. Since there have been so many issues regarding the commission the research has been very criticized because of facts that have either been never reported or just have not been obtained.
November 22, 1963. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/appendix-09.pdf.
The autopsy report is a valid and primary source because it was written by professionals. Doctor Mallroy Perry was the one who assisted Kennedy the minute he arrived at the hospital. He reported all of the wounds and the severity. His degree in medical trauma is valid and aids to the credibility of the autopsy. Three shots were fired, and the President collapsed to the ground, bleeding profusely. The same gunfire critically injured Governor Connolly. According to newspaper accounts, Bob Jackson saw a gun barrel disappearing through a window on an upper floor of the nearby Texas School Book Depository Building when he heard the shots.
Kennedy was shot three times. The shot to his trachea was the one who finalized this death. Once in the hospital, they created an incision to see where the bleeding was occurring but the wounds were bleeding profusely. They attempted resuscitation on him but was declared dead 30 to 40 minutes after being shot. The bullet wounds matched the bullets that had been seen is Oswalds possession.