Summary work cite

Medical Association, vol. 103, no. 103, Apr. 2011, pp. 358-63. DOI: 103:358-363.

In the article “Professionalism behind Barbed Wire: Health Care in World War II Japanese Concentration Camps” (2011), the authors Don Nakayama and Gwenn Jensen praise the medical workers of Japanese ancestry who provided health care service to over 1,100,000 Japanese residents incarcerated by U.S government during World War II. They argue that their dedication was driven by the whole scale violation of civil rights during the war. The authors begin by introducing the context and reveal the potential health risk caused by mass incarceration. Next, the two authors move their focus to the temporary detention camps, where internees stayed from few weeks up to two months before the final move. The main issue Nakayama and Jensen analyze here is the distribution shortage of the medical staff, and they also emphasize how Japanese physicians and nurses committed themselves to tackling this issue. When writing about the health care in the permanent camp, the two authors illustrate the harsh environment and living conditions inside the camps, and describe how the shortage of medicine and medical equipment seriously affected the patients in terms of examinations and operations. In conclusion, the authors Nakayama and Jensen again highlight the dedication of the Japanese medical workers and argue that their devotion and professionalism come from the roots of their culture.

This article is credible because this is an article published in an authorized journal called Journal of the National Medical Association. This article differs from other resources in that this article is one of the most relevant and helpful articles I have found for my topic so far. It tells me that the medical staff of Japanese internees were the main source for providing medical services in the internment camps. Also, throughout the article, the authors imply that it is discrimination against Japanese immigrants that kept the internee patients from receiving sufficient medical care. Many details revealed in this article make me think of it this way, and this idea can be added into my essay if I find more relevant resources.

Traphagan, John. “Immigration, Racism and the Internment of Japanese Americans.” Huffington

Post, 21 Feb. 16, www.huffingtonpost.com/john-w-traphagan/immigration-racism-and

th_b_9285930.html. Accessed 17 Oct. 2017.

In the article “Immigration, Racism and the Internment of Japanese Americans” (2017), the author John W. Traphagan criticizes the mass relocation of Americans of Japanese ancestry in U.S. during WWII. He starts by introducing the general background of the Japanese relocation with an emphasis on how U.S. government poorly treated Japanese internees in terms of education, environment, and food supply. Then, the author justifies the innocence of all interned Japanese and emphasizes the value of American culture. Next Traphagan puts the Japanese detention into a historical background and compares it with Irish Catholic isolation, and the treatment of Native Americans and Mexican immigrants. He acknowledges that the discrimination against immigrants of different races or of different religions always exists, even if they are all loyal Americans. Finally, the author appeals to readers that people need to learn from their past and make changes to achieve a society that values justice and liberty for everyone.

Although this article is published on an online news site, I think it is credible after seeing the citations that appear in the text and reading the introduction of the author, John Traphagan. He is a Professor of Religious Studies and Human Dimensions at University of Texas. Also, the data and detailed information cited in his articles are all from some credible government and organization. This resource differs from other sources in that the author uses Japanese detention as tool to resonate with his readers. His main appeal is about the whole liberty and justice in the society, which is broad. However, a few descriptions of how people discriminated against the Japanese internees can still fit into my topic in a way.

Frail, T.A. “The Injustice of Japanese-American Internment Camps Resonates Strongly to This

Day.” Smithsonian Magazine, Jan. 2017, www.smithsonianmag.com/history/Injustice

japaneseamericans-internment-camps-resonates-strongly-180961422/. Accessed 1 Nov.

2017.

In the article “The Injustice of Japanese-American Internment Camps Resonates Strongly to This Day” (2017), T.A Frail mainly reveals the history of the Japanese internment and argues the injustice of this incarceration. He starts by citing a short report from a former Japanese internee who described her life in the concentration camps. Then he reveals the history of how Japanese Americans were forced to move into the camps and how they attempted to start over their new lives after release. In the end, the author concludes that although the government has issued their apology and subsidizes the formerly interned Japanese residents in many ways, hurt from the incarceration still remains.

This source is credible because it is published on the website associated with the Smithsonian Institution, the world's largest museum and research complex. Also, I see the author uses several citations in his article, which makes it more credible. I believe this source works for me because it includes some description of how Japanese Americans adapted into life after being released from the internment, which is what I am planning to write about.

Nagata, Donna K. and Steven J. Trierweiler. “Long-Term Effects of Internment During Early

In the article “Long-Term Effects of Internment during Early Childhood on Third-Generation Japanese Americans” (1999), Nagata et al. argue that the experience of internment has had a long term mental effect on Sansei (Third-Generation Japanese Americans) and report the primary research they have done on this topic. To start with, Nagata et al. reveal the facts and history of the internment and acknowledge that it had significant effect on all internees, especially Sansei who were under the age of 8 during the internment. They analyze the possible effect based on other research and six different types of illness that internees suffered. To start further research, the authors separated the total 564 Sansei volunteers into different age groups, family conditions and the area of camps during the interment, and provided them different research questions. When illustrating the result of this research, the authors use charts to collect all the data from different categories and give analysis to each of them. In the end, the three authors conclude that the Sanseis are psychologically carrying the burden from their past even in their adult lives.

This resource is credible because it is a scholarly article published in a journal called American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, and more than thirty pieces of citation also guarantee its credibility. This source differs from sources in that the focus of this article is mental health effect, and the majority of this research is the Sanseis who were in their early childhood during the internment. I think this is helpful and relevant resource though it is not quite comprehensive. Also, the data from the research may probably be good evidence to support some arguments in my essay.