Anatomy and Physiology Discussion Post

Stephen’s Post

I am of the belief that the frequency of bowel movements is dependent upon an individual's diet and the number of meals per day. Two bowel movements in a 24-hour period would be normal. As few as one a day or one per 48 hours might also be normal for the individual. As far as the consistency of stool it should be solid and brown in color or slightly green if vegetarian; leaving the body without significant strain. In my opinion, the size of the stool is also diet related and I would expect someone with a diet high and fiber meats and saturated fats would take excrete larger but less often. The stool should be dense and sink. Diarrhea or watery stool is abnormal and frequent bouts of diarrhea or irregularity in trips to the bathroom should be a cause for concern.

According to NIH research, 124 participants identified as having no gastrointestinal diseases reported defecating a range of 3 times per day to 3 times per week. 77% of all stools were deemed normal 36% of the time the need to pass was urgent and 47% it was strained and difficult. According to the MayoClinc, all shades of brown and green are considered normal. Rarely is the color of stool an indication of an intestinal abnormality.

Regarding the patient on CG P.223 The majority of the readings are within normal limits with the exception of the leukocytes being trace positive. The positive presence of leukocytes is a possible indicator of a urinary tract infection. Also the patient presents about 50 Ery/uL indicative of hematuria. The blood in the urine could be the result of the UTI. The PT's spec grav is 1.0005. The SpecGrav reading can fluctuate with water intake normal range of 1.000-1.030. A reading greater than 1.030 is likely due to dehydration.

Traces of protein in the urine medically defined as Proteinuria is an abnormal condition that can result in a diagnosis of kidney failure associated with diabetes.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20205503/Links to an external site. https://www.mayoclinic.org/stool-color/expert-answers/faq- 20058080#:~:text=All%20shades%20of%20brown%20and,digests%20fats% 20%E2%80%94%20in%20your%20stoolLinks to an external site..

https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/kidney-and-urinary-tract- disorders/diagnosis-of-kidney-and-urinary-tract-disorders/evaluation-of- kidney-and-urinary-tract-disordersLinks to an external site.

Afriania’s Post

Activity 6.1 D 1. I feel that a human should defecate at least 3 times a week if not more. Also I think that healthy feces sinks to the bottom of the toilet. I think poop that’s brown or green is normal. The normal shape of feces should be the shape of sausage. Lastly I feel no matter how healthy you eat, your feces will stink regardless. Activity 6.1 E 2.According to experts my answers were pretty accurate. According to healthypartners.com the frequency of a person defecating depends on the person but it should be between 3 times a week to 3 times a day. If a person is going less than that they should seek medical attention. The consistency of the stool should sink. They stated in the article that if your stool floats it may not be a concern because it could be caused by excess gas but normal stool sinks. If floating stool persists seek medical attention. The color can be all shades of brown from tan to espresso or even green this is due to bile and bilirubin. Other colors of stool maybe a concern unless your taking a medication like iron that turns you stool black/dark green. The shape should be like a log with a little length. Having pebbles or small bowels movements is a sign of constipation. Lastly the feces will have a smell it is definitely normal. If your feces doesn’t smell this indicates lower levels of bowel bacteria than normal. The Bristol chart states a 3 or 4 is normal for feces. https://www.healthpartners.com/blog/healthy-poop-chart/Links to an external site. Case Study 3. The case study indicated that the patient had some abnormal findings. The abnormal findings were that the urine was cloudy, dark yellow, blood was present. The blood could be a infection in the bladder or kidney. The

most common trace of blood in urine is usually a UTI. That would explain the leukocytes. For her other results they were normal overall. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/blood-in-urine/Links to an external site.

4. A disorder that can be diagnosed by a simple urinalysis is diabetes. Normally urine contains no glucose or a very small amount. If there is too much glucose in your body the kidneys will get rid of some of the extra through your urine. A High level of glucose may mean that your blood glucose is high too and that can be a sign of diabetes. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003581.htmLinks to an external site.

Rosemary’s Post

My opinion on pg 179 is that people should poop at least 2-3 times a day. I don't think poop should float but only sink. The color of the feces should be brown. The manure should be shaped like medium-sized circles. Feces shouldn't have an odor.

Medical experts think that people should poop at least 3 times a week to 3 times a day. They said that feces should sink. The shades of feces should be all shades of brown even green. The shape of the poop should be a long cylinder. Stools normally have an unpleasant odor. Abnormal feces are feces that are of a different color. The shape shouldn't be wider than a cylinder. Feces not having an odor.

https://www.mayoclinic.org/stool-color/expert-answers/faq- 20058080#:~:text=All%20shades%20of%20brown%20and,digests%20fats% 20%E2%80%94%20in%20your%20stoolLinks to an external site.. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/bladder- infection-uti-in-adultsLinks to an external site.

Case Study on page 223 the patient has abnormal urine because it states that it was yellow, cloudy, and dark. Her specific gravity is normal being 1.005. Her ph balance is 8 which is normal & not acidic. Her leukocytes are normal and so is the nitrite showing up negative. Her protein is negative and

she has a normal glucose level. Ketones were negative and the urobilinogen was normal. Bilirubin was negative which is normal and her blood was about 50. The patient has a normal reading of her urine lab.

Bladder Infection(Urine Tract Infection) is when your bladder or uterus becomes infected. People that are healthy can also get a bladder infection. Symptoms of a bladder infection are burning with you urinate. Treatment is drinking fluid to flush all the infection out of your system. I've always thought it was bad to get a UTI but healthy people can also get a bladder infection. I had one when I was pregnant.

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/bladder- infection-uti-in-adultsLinks to an external site.

Lheyra’s Post

• In my first opinion, I believe that humans are supposed to defecate at least once a day or once every other day. For consistency, it should be solid and not too thin like diarrhea but also not too firm to where it takes a lot of force to expel it. The color should be in range from light to dark brown. The shape could vary between being smooth or having a few lumps, the size may also vary as well. As for odor, feces will have a displeasing smell but this is normal as it is caused by what we are consuming.

• After following up with research, I have found that it is normal to defecate anywhere from three times a day to three times a week. Consistency should be from firm to soft, where it takes little effort to expel from your body. Normal feces color can be any shade of brown from a tan to an espresso color. The shape can vary but should be a long cylinder, smooth, and a couple of inches in length. As for the odor, although it should be unpleasant, it should not be unbearable. If the odor causes anything such as your eyes burning, this is not normal and may be a sign of a stomach bug or infection.

https://www.healthpartners.com/blog/healthy-poop- chart/#:~:text=It's%20normal%20and%20healthy%20to,are%20probably%20 in%20good%20shapeLinks to an external site..

• Looking at the case study on page 223, the patient seems to have a few normal findings in her urinalysis. These are the yellow color, the specific gravity of 1.005, the pH of 8, the negative indication of nitrite, ketones, bilirubin, and protein, and normal levels of glucose and urobilinogen. The abnormal findings of the patient's urinalysis would be the darkness of the yellow shade of her urine as well as the cloudiness, she has a positive trace of leukocytes which can ultimately indicate a Urinary Tract infection.

• An example of a disease that can be detected through urine analysis would be STD's. STD urine tests are noninvasive ways to detect bacterial infections such as chlamydia and gonorrhea. With this, through urine analysis, if the specific bacteria for either infection is present in the urine that is how they can tell and be further diagnosed and be provided with proper treatment.

https://www.nurx.com/faq/how-do-std-urine-tests-work/Links to an external site.

Amayrani’s Post

• My first opinion on what is normal is based on my daily routine and those around me as well. I believe humans should defecate at least three times a week. Feces sink to the bottom of the toilet bowl, I believe feces that floats would be diarrhea which is not normal. The color of feces should be brown because of the bile in the stool. The shape can range between short, long, small, or large. Feces normally has an unpleasant smell because of the foods we eat.

• Medical experts say that a human should defecate three times a day to once every three days, on average once a day. Experts also say that the important thing is staying regular. For example if it suddenly becomes more or less frequent then you may be concerned such as diarrhea and constipation. Feces sink in the toilet. Floating feces can be a reflection of your diet and/or health concerns such as malabsorption, too much gas, a GI infection, etc. The color of feces

can reflect what you eat, therefore the “normal” color can be all shades of brown and green. Abnormal colors could be yellow which can be caused by excess fat in the stool, the color black can mean bleeding in the upper GI, bright red could be bleeding in the lower GI. Stool does not smell like flowers and should have an unpleasant smell, however experts say the smell should be familiar/regular and should not be extremely foul-smelling.

https://www.pennmedicine.org/updates/blogs/health-and- wellness/2019/march/poopLinks to an external site. https://www.mayoclinic.org/stool-color/expert-answers/faq- 20058080#:~:text=All%20shades%20of%20brown%20and,digests%20fat s%20%E2%80%94%20in%20your%20stoolLinks to an external site..

• For the case study on P. 223, the patient has a few normal findings for her urinalysis. Normal findings are a specific gravity is 1.005, pH of 8, glucose and urobilinogen levels are normal, there are negative traces of nitrite, protein, bilirubin, and ketones. The abnormal findings are positive traces of leukocytes, cloudy appearance, dark yellow in color, and traces of blood which may indicate an infection in the urinary system.

• Kidney disease means your kidneys are damaged and can’t filter blood the way they should, and you may be at higher risk for it if you have diabetes. This can be identified with a simple urinalysis. For example, if there is a high acidity it may be a sign of kidney stones, urinary infections, or kidney problems. Kidneys play an important role in removing waste products and extra water from blood to leave behind important things like protein. However, protein in the urine can suggest improper kidney filtering. If there is glucose it can be a sign of diabetes, white blood cells are signs of infection, and blood can be a sign of an infection or kidney problem.

chrome- extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.kidney.org/sites/d efault/files/11-10-1815_HBE_PatBro_Urinalysis_v6.pdf