Research paper
An Analysis of Economic Impact on IoT under GDPR
Junwoo Seo∗, Kyoungmin Kim∗, Mookyu Park†, Moosung Park‡ and Kyungho Lee† ∗Department of Cyber Defense (CYDF)
Korea University
Seoul, Republic of Korea
Email: {junuseo, richard2104}@korea.ac.kr †Center for Information Security Technologies (CIST)
Korea University
Seoul, Republic of Korea
Email: {ctupmk, kevinlee}@korea.ac.kr ‡Agency for Defense Development
Seoul, Republic of Korea
Email: parkms@add.re.kr
Abstract—The EU’s GDPR is expected to come into force on May 25, 2018. By this regulation, it will be possible to enforce even stronger legislation than the existing Directive. In particular, GDPR is expected to have a major impact on IoT industry, which uses diverse and vast amounts of personal information. This paper first examines why the IoT industry is affected by GDPR. Then, the paper describes how the GDPR will affect the IoT firm’s cost qualitatively by using the cost definition of the Gordon and Loeb model and quantitatively by estimating cost using statistics and legal bases. As a qualitative view, the GDPR affected the preventative cost and legal cost of the Gordon and Loeb model, and the quantitative view showed that after the GDPR, the firm’s cost could increase by 3 to 4 times on average, and by 18 times if it was more.
Index Terms—IoT, GDPR, Economic Impact, Gordon & Loeb Model
I. INTRODUCTION
On 14 April 2016, the European Parliament passed the
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). This regulation
ensures the free movement of personal information between
EU member states while strengthening the right of privacy of
information subjects. After 20 days, it will take effect, and will
be applied directly to the member countries after 2 years, May
2018. This is expected to give European citizens control over
their personal information and create a high level of privacy
protection in the European Union. With the introduction of
GDPR, companies that deal with personal information are
expected to be greatly affected. Among the various industries,
it is clear that IoT will be within the orbit of GDPR because it
collects and analyzes a vast amount of information from users.
According to Gartner, there were statistical studies that there
will be 8.4 billion IoT ’things’ until 2018 [1]. This means
each things stores more than 50 billion personal information
and reprocesses it and distributes it. However, Statista pub-
lished the statistical data that 39% of European consumers
have completely denied that IoT manufacturers give enough
information about the information they collect [2]. Under this
status quo, the IoT industry is expected to have an impact on
the GDPR, which significantly transfers control of information
usage to individuals.
This paper introduces the characteristics of GDPR, which is
different from the Directive, in Section II. In Section III, the
paper examines why the GDPR will affect the IoT industry
based on the characteristics of IoT. In Section IV, we analyze
the firm’s cost under GDPR through the Gordon & Loeb model
to determine the economic impact of the IoT industry. Finally,
the conclusions are written in Section V.
II. BACKGROUND
Basically, the EU legislation is divided into Directive and
Regulation. The Directive lay down certain results that must
be achieved but each Member State is free to decide how
to transpose directives into national laws. Regulations, on the
other hand, have binding legal force throughout every Member
State and enter into force on a set date in all the Member
States [3]. As a result of the GDPR, Data Protection Directive
1995 (95/46/EC), which was responsible for the protection of
personal information in 1995, will be replaced. The following
are key elements that distinguish GDPR from the Directive.
First, the definition of personal information has been further
expanded. According to GDPR Article 4, personal informa-
tion is a meaning of all information related to identified or
identifiable information subjects. Location information, online
identifier, and genetic information that were not included in
the definition of Data Protection Directive 1995 were included.
Second, there will be a two-tiered sanction regime on
penalties. A violation of GDPR which considered to be lesser
incidents could result in fines of either 10 million or 2% of a
firm’s global turnover (whichever is greater). The most serious
violations could result in fines of either 20 million or 4% of
a firm’s global turnover (whichever is greater). This is the
maximum penalty that can be imposed for the most serious
violations, such as when the customer’s consent to process the
879978-1-5090-4032-2/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE ICTC 2017
data is not sufficient or if the firms design concept violates the
core of personal information.
Third, the consent, that mentioned above, requirement of
the GDPR is strengthened beyond the Directive. When the
consent is requested, specific and clear information should be
provided, and simple and easy language should be used. Also,
the information subject has the right to withdraw one’s consent
at any time.
III. HOW IOT HANDLES INFORMATION
This session analyzes the way the IoT industry handles
personal information and shows that the industry is under
GDPR. The following subsection describes the characteristics
of personal information usage of IoT devices that could be in
conflict with the GDPR.
A. Information Usage and Exchange between IoT Devices
Each endpoint of the IoT environment, things, sends data au-
tomatically and communicates with other endpoints and works
in conjunction. In IoT, there are cases where things traded and
acted on behalf of users. For example, if a smart fridge thinks
that food is scarce, it can connect to the Internet and buy things
on behalf of the user. In this case, the information utilization is
automated and the user’s information is exchanged to various
subjects. The control of GDPR’s personal information may
have restrictions on utilizing these advantages of IoT.
B. Analysis of Information Collected from IoT
Currently, IoT manufacturers collect huge amounts of in-
formation (big data) generated from the IoT environment and
research how they analyze this huge amount of data to better
understand the behavior of systems and users. They analyze
data that seem to have nothing to do with it, and if they find
out the relationship between behavior and usage pattern of one
consumer, they can give more value to customers and make
more profit. Conversely, data delivered from one endpoint
does not cause privacy issues, but data collected and analyzed
at various endpoints can be sensitive information. Therefore,
this collected information can be included in the extended
definition of the Personal Information covered by GDPR, and
it will fall into the domain of the individual’s information
control.
For example, electronic product development company
Vizio was recently charged a $2.2 million fine after using
content-aware software to track users without permission [4].
The company installed software on 11 million IoT TVs that
it sold to track customers’ detailed viewing habits. They
linked the data to specific household statistics and then sold
that information to third-party marketers. Vizio argued that
they never paired viewing data with personally identifiable
information such as name or contact information. However,
the data was collected as an analysis of personal TV habits
information, so it was considered as sensitive information and
were fined. If the GDPR had been applied, it would have been
$ 292 million, more than 100 times larger penalty than the
ruling.
IV. THE ECONOMIC IMPACT ON IOT FIRMS UNDER GDPR
In this section, this paper analyzes the economic impact
of the firms qualitatively by using the cost definition of the
Gordon & Loeb model and quantitatively by estimating cost
using statistics and legal bases.
According to the Gordon & Loeb model, the amount of
damage can be calculated as follows: Direct Costs, Indirect
Costs, Explicit Costs, Implicit Costs [5]. First, the direct
cost refers to the amount of damage directly caused by a
specific infringement incident. That is the amount of hardware
or software lost due to an accident. On the other hand,
indirect cost is the cost incurred to prevent information security
breaches in advance. Next, explicit costs mean all costs that
are explicitly visible due to a particular breach of infringement.
This includes investment in advance to prevent infringement,
an amount of damages caused by infringement, and all costs
to recover damages caused by the infringement. The implicit
cost is not the damage caused by the infringement accident,
but the damage cost for the circumstances that may arise
thereafter. This includes, for example, the cost of legal liability
for an infringement incident, including a decline in stock value
or sales due to a reputation decline in an affected company.
Using the model, this paper examines which parts of Gordon
& Loeb’s defined costs are expected to change due to GDPR
regulation.
Fig. 1. Gordon & Loeb Model’s Cost that GDPR affects
According to Article 82 (Right to Compensation and Lia-
bility), any person who has suffered material or non-material
damage due to a violation of GDPR rules has the right to
demand compensation for damages. In particular, the GDPR
differs from the Directive, which mentions only damages, in
that it can be compensated for pecuniary and non-pecuniary
losses.
In this regard, Article 83 explains about general conditions
for imposing administrative fines. According to Article 83,
administrative fines are not automatically applied and will be
charged in each individual case. Therefore, it is not possible to
exactly measure the fines due to characteristics of individual
imposition and absence of verdict, but we can check the
increment of certain cost factors through the definition of
Gordon & Loeb model. At this time, the Article 82 and 83
cause the increment of legal cost described in the Gordon &
Loeb model.
Furthermore, Articles 37, 38 and 39 describe the designa-
tion, status, and duties of the DPO (Data Protection Officer),
880
respectively. The controller and the processor should designate
a data protection officer when it is in the case of public authori-
ties, the cases of large-scale regular and systematic monitoring
of information entities and large-scale treatment of sensitive
information or criminal history. They should also have an in-
depth understanding of GDPR, expertise in national privacy
laws, and understanding of personal information processing
tasks. Therefore, these Articles will affect the Preventative
Cost, because the designation of the DPOs is mandatory and
their qualities must be proven.
In conclusion, it affects the two costs of Gordon & Loeb
model as shown above. In order to examine the economic
impact of GDPR, the estimated cost of damage before GDPR
and the estimated cost of damage after GDPR must be
compared. According to the Ponemon Institute, in 2016, the
world’s average number of breached records reached 24,089
[6]. Based on this research, we select four personal data
breach cases on average to analyze how GDPR affects the IoT
industry. First, the paper estimates how much each of the four
cases, regardless of GDPR, caused a certain loss of firm’s cost.
According to the Ponemon Institute, the average per capita cost
of a data breach over the last four years is 150$ [6]. Based
on this research, an estimated value of the loss of four cases
can be derived. To know how GDPR affects, the paper then
analyzes the loss assuming that the cases are under GDPR. As
shown in Figure 1, two component costs that GDPR affects
were derived, the Legal Cost and the Preventative Cost. Due
to a cases’ averageness, the paper assumed that each violation
of GDPR was considered to be lesser incidents and was fined
either 10 million or 2% of a firm’s global turnover (which
ever is greater). Considering each of these costs, the Figure 2
shows how disastrous the estimated firm’s cost is.
Fig. 2. Comparison of firm’s cost before and after GDPR
Unlike the rest of the cases where a firm’s cost increase of
3 to 4 times, a firm’s cost of case B is expected to rise about
18 times. This is due to the characteristics of GDPR, which
determines fine based on the company’s annual turnover for the
previous year. Thus, a company with a large annual turnover
could be fined well in excess of 10 million.
V. CONCLUSION
The regulatory scope of GDPR and its impact are increasing
the tension of the firms. 52% of firms are concerned that the
GDPR will cause fines for their firms, 65% think they will
change their business strategy, and 30% think the GDPR will
increase their annual budgets by more than 10% until it is
implemented [7] [8]. In such tension and concern. this paper
first shows that the IoT industry is under the influence of
GDPR in section 3. In section 4, the paper describes how
the GDPR will affect the IoT firm’s cost qualitatively by
using the cost definition of the Gordon & Loeb model and
quantitatively by estimating cost using statistics and legal
bases. Although there is a limit to proceed with limited
data, it is meaningful that the industry’s economic impact
due to changes in the legislation can be analyzed from two
perspectives (qualitatively and quantitatively), so that it is
possible to identify which industries are vulnerable to changes
in the legislation.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported by Defense Acquisition Program
Administration and Agency for Defense Development under
the contract. (UD060048AD)
REFERENCES
[1] R. van der Meulen. Gartner says 8.4 billion connected things will be in use in 2017, up 31 percent from 2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/3598917
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[3] T. E. PARLIAMENT, “Regulation (eu) 2016/679 of the european parlia- ment and of the council,” Official Journal of the European Union, 2016.
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