4cardio
3 – The Cardiovascular System
TEXTBOOK: OPENSTAX A&P 2e
The Heart
Objectives
· To identify the assigned internal and external features of the heart on models and specimens.
· To identify the great vessels of the heart.
· To understand the flow of blood through the heart, including to the lungs.
· To understand the coronary blood flow.
· To list the names and locations of the superficial pulse points of the body.
· To measure your pulse rate and to state the normal pulse rate and to define and calculate pulse deficit.
· To understand how blood pressure is determined, differentiate systolic and diastolic pressures, and to state normal arterial blood pressure in the arm.
· To understand the use of auscultation to correlate the sounds of Korotkoff with systolic and diastolic pressures and understand the performing of blood pressure determination using a stethoscope and sphygmomanometer.
· To define and calculate pulse pressure and to calculate the mean arterial pressure.
· To identify the waves on an ECG and correlate them with electrical and mechanical evens of cardiac muscle.
· To calculate heart rate from an ECG tracing.
· To differentiate between an artery and a vein in microscope slides and diagrams.
· To identify the assigned arteries on diagrams, models, and specimens.
· To understand blood flow through the body.
Key Terms
Layers of the Heart Wall:
Fibrous pericardium ________________________________________________________________________________
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Serous parietal pericardium _______________________________________________________________________
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Serous visceral pericardium _______________________________________________________________________
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Pericardial cavity ___________________________________________________________________________________
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Myocardium __________________________________________________________________________________________
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Endocardium _________________________________________________________________________________________
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Structures of the Heart
Atria (right and left) ________________________________________________________________________________
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Ventricles (right and left) __________________________________________________________________________
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Tricuspid valve _______________________________________________________________________________________
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Mitral (bicuspid) valve ______________________________________________________________________________
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Pulmonary valve _____________________________________________________________________________________
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Aortic valve _____________________________________________________________________________________
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Chordae tendineae _________________________________________________________________________________
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Papillary muscles ____________________________________________________________________________________
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Great Vessels
Superior vena cava ________________________________________________________________________________
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Inferior vena cava ____________________________________________________________________________________
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Pulmonary trunk ____________________________________________________________________________________
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Pulmonary veins _____________________________________________________________________________________
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Aorta _____________________________________________________________________________________
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Heart Sounds and Pulses
Auscultation __________________________________________________________________________________________
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Palpation ____________________________________________________________________________________
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S1 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
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S2 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Tachycardia __________________________________________________________________________________________
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Bradycardia __________________________________________________________________________________________
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Pulse point ___________________________________________________________________________________________
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Blood Pressure ____________________________________________________________________________________
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Systolic pressure ____________________________________________________________________________________
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Diastolic pressure ___________________________________________________________________________________
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Sounds of Korotkoff _________________________________________________________________________________
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Electrophysiology
Sinoatrial node ____________________________________________________________________________________
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Atrioventricular node ______________________________________________________________________________
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Purkinje fiber system _______________________________________________________________________________
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Electrocardiogram __________________________________________________________________________________
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P wave _______________________________________________________________________________________________
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QRS complex ________________________________________________________________________________________
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T wave _______________________________________________________________________________________________
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Dysrhythmia ____________________________________________________________________________________
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Depolarization ____________________________________________________________________________________
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Repolarization ____________________________________________________________________________________
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Action Potential ____________________________________________________________________________________
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Systole ____________________________________________________________________________________
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Diastole ____________________________________________________________________________________
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Cardiac Cycle ____________________________________________________________________________________
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Heart Structure Checklist
Use the list of structures to label the included images, and to locate each structure on the heart models.
General Structures:
Mediastinum
Apex of heart
Base of heart
Atrioventricular sulcus
Interventricular sulcus
Pericardium
Fibrous pericardium
Serous pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Visceral pericardium (epicardium)
Pericardial cavity
Myocardium
Endocardium
Chambers:
R atrium
Opening of the superior vena cava
Opening of the inferior vena cava
Opening of the coronary sinus
R auricle
Pectinate muscle
L atrium
Left auricle
Openings of pulmonary veins
R ventricle
Trabeculae carneae
L ventricle
Trabeculae carneae
Valves:
Atrioventricular valves:
Tricuspid valve
Bicuspid (mitral) valve
Chordae tendineae
Papillary muscles
Semilunar valves:
Aortic semilunar valve
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Internal Features:
Fossa ovalis
Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
Pectinate muscle
Trabeculae carneae
Chordae tenineae
Papillary muscles
Moderator band
Interventricular septum
External Features:
R auricle
L auricle
Apex
Anterior interventricular sulcus
Posterior interventricular sulcus
Coronary sulcus
Ligamentum arteriosum
Great Vessels:
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Pulmonary trunk
R & L pulmonary As
R & L pulmonary Vs
Aorta
Ascending aorta
Aortic arch
Descending aorta
Brachiocephalic A
L common carotid A
L subclavian A
Coronary Vessels:
Coronary arteries:
R coronary A
R Marginal A
Posterior interventricular A
L coronary A
Anterior interventricular A
Circumflex A
Cardiac veins:
Small cardiac V
Middle cardiac V
Great cardiac V
Coronary sinus
Label the internal structures of the heart:
Pathway of Blood Flow through the Heart:
1. Regarding veins:
Where do veins carry blood? ______________________________________________________________
Is this blood generally oxygenated or deoxygenated? ___________________________________
Does this rule have exceptions? If yes, where? ___________________________________________
2. Regarding arteries:
Where do arteries carry blood? __________________________________________________________
Is this blood generally oxygenated or deoxygenated? __________________________________
Does this rule have exceptions? If yes, where? ________________________________________
3. Where does each atrium pump blood when it contracts?
Right atrium: __________________________________________________________________
Left atrium: __________________________________________________________________
4. Where does each ventricle pump blood when it contracts?
Right ventricle: __________________________________________________________________
Left ventricle: __________________________________________________________________
Now that you’ve learned the parts of the heart, put the pieces together and trace the pattern of blood as it flows through the heart and lungs. First, write out the entire pathway, beginning with the main systemic veins that drain into the heart and ending with the main systemic artery into which the heart pumps. Don’t forget to include the valves in your tracing.
Superior/Inferior Vena Cava __________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
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List the names and locations of the superficial pulse points of the body and label.
Pulse Determinations
The pulse is the result of expansion and elastic recoil of an artery with each systole and diastole of the left ventricle.
Pulse is strongest in arteries closest to the heart. It then becomes weaker and finally it totally disappears in the capillaries. It may be palpated in any artery that is near the surface of the body and lies over a bone or firm tissue.
· Temporal artery: lateral to the orbit of the eye
· Facial artery: at the mandible, on a line with the corner of the mouth
· Common carotid artery: Lateral to the larynx
· Brachial artery: Along the medial side of the biceps brachii muscle
· Radial artery: At the lateral surface of the wrist
· Femoral artery: in the groin, inferior to the inguinal ligament
· Popliteal artery: posterior surface of the knee
· Posterior tibial artery: posterior and proximal to the medial malleolus of the tibia
· Dorsalis pedis artery: proximal to the instep of the foot.
1. The pulse point that has the greatest degree of tension or amplitude is?
2. The pulse point with the least degree of tension is.
3. Explain the difference.
To understand how blood pressure is determined, differentiate systolic and diastolic pressures, and to state normal arterial blood pressure in the arm.
Record your own results in the table below:
|
Position |
Systolic Pressure (mmHg) |
Diastolic Pressure (mmHg) |
|
Sitting |
116 |
83 |
|
Lying down |
110 |
75 |
|
Standing |
120 |
80 |
|
Standing, immediately after exercise |
140 |
110 |
|
Standing, 5 minutes after exercise |
126 |
90 |
Define and calculate pulse pressure and to calculate the mean arterial pressure.
Pulse Pressure
Pulse pressure provides information about the elasticity and recoil of the arteries. Pulse pressure can be calculated by taking the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure. This pressure averages 40 mmHg.
Compute the pulse pressure for each of the blood pressure readings collected.
|
Blood Pressure Reading |
Systolic Pressure (mmHg) |
Diastolic Pressure (mmHg) |
Pulse Pressure (Systolic – Diastolic) (mmHg) |
|
Sitting |
|
|
|
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Lying down |
|
|
|
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Standing |
|
|
|
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Standing, immediately after exercise |
|
|
|
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Standing, 5 minutes after exercise |
|
|
|
Mean Arterial Pressure
Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is the average arterial pressure during one cardiac cycle. It is a calculated average that takes into account the fact that diastole lasts longer than systole. The formula for MAP is:
Use one of the previous formulas to calculate the MAP for each blood pressure reading.
|
Blood Pressure Reading |
Systolic Pressure (mmHg) |
Diastolic Pressure (mmHg) |
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) (mmHg) |
|
Sitting |
|
|
|
|
Lying down |
|
|
|
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Standing |
|
|
|
|
Standing, immediately after exercise |
|
|
|
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Standing, 5 minutes after exercise |
|
|
|
|
ECG Component |
Corresponding Significance |
|
P wave |
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P-R interval |
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P-Q segment |
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QRS complex |
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S-T segment |
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Q-T interval |
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|
T wave |
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T-P segment |
|
Label an ECG:
Remember that an ECG records electrical events, not mechanical events.
Fill in the electrical event that immediately follows each wave:
P wave:
QRS complex:
T wave:
Fill in the mechanical event that immediately follows each wave:
P wave:
QRS complex:
T wave:
Why isn’t atrial repolarization represented by the ECG tracing?
What mechanical event follows atrial repolarization?
Histology of the blood vessel wall
List the three layers of a vessel wall:
· Inner: _______________________________________________________________
· Middle: _______________________________________________________________
· Outer: _______________________________________________________________
Which vessel type has a thicker wall?
Which vessel type has a larger diameter?
Label the following vessels. Identify characteristics for differences.
Vessels are often named using anatomical terms to describe which body region, organ, or bone they are associated with. For example, the axillary artery is located in the axillary region.
Fill in the body region, organ, or bone for each of the terms listed below:
Vertebral: _______________________________________________________________
Intercostal: _______________________________________________________________
Gonadal: _______________________________________________________________
Gastric: _______________________________________________________________
Hepatic: _______________________________________________________________
Renal: _______________________________________________________________
Splenic: _______________________________________________________________
Mesenteric: _______________________________________________________________
Iliac: _______________________________________________________________
Tibial: _______________________________________________________________
The following list of arteries are the vessels you’re responsible for knowing the location and identifying them on models or specimens. Identify the listed arteries on the various models and model parts. (not all arteries are visible on all models).
Arteries of the Trunk
1. Aorta
a. Ascending aorta
b. Aortic arch
c. Thoracic aorta
d. Abdominal aorta
2. Brachiocephalic artery
3. Subclavian artery
4. Celiac trunk
a. Common hepatic artery
b. Splenic artery
c. Left gastric artery
5. Renal arteries
6. Superior mesenteric artery
7. Gonadal arteries
8. Inferior mesenteric artery
9. Common iliac artery a. Internal iliac artery b. External iliac artery
Arteries of the Head and Neck
1. Common carotid arteries
a. Right common carotid artery
b. Left common carotid artery
2. External carotid artery a. Superficial temporal artery
3. Internal carotid artery a. Anterior cerebral artery b. Middle cerebral artery
4. Vertebral artery
5. Basilar artery
a. Posterior cerebral artery
6. Cerebral arterial circle
a. Anterior communicating artery
b. Posterior communicating arteries
Arteries of the Upper Limbs
1. Axillary artery
2. Brachial artery
3. Radial artery
4. Ulnar artery
5. Palmar arteries
6. Digital arteries
Arteries of the Lower Limbs
1. Femoral artery
2. Popliteal artery
a. Anterior tibial artery
(1) Dorsalis pedis artery
i. Digital artery
b. Posterior tibial artery
(1) Fibular artery
The following list of veins are the vessels you’re responsible for knowing the location and identifying them on models or specimens. Identify the listed veins on the various models and model parts. (not all veins are visible on all models).
Veins of the Trunk
1. Superior vena cava
2. Inferior vena cava
3. Azygos system
a. Azygos vein
b. Hemiazygos vein
c. Accessory hemiazygos vein
4. Renal vein
5. Gonadal veins
6. Splenic vein
7. Gastric veins
8. Superior mesenteric vein
9. Inferior mesenteric vein
10. Hepatic portal vein
11. Hepatic veins
Veins of the Head and Neck
1. Vertebral vein
2. External jugular vein
3. Internal jugular vein
Veins of the Upper Limbs
1. Digital veins
2. Palmar venous arches
3. Radial vein
4. Ulnar vein
5. Brachial vein
6. Cephalic vein
7. Median antebrachial vein
8. Basilic vein
9. Median cubital vein
10. Axillary vein
11. Subclavian vein
12. Brachiocephalic vein
Veins of the Lower Limbs and Pelvis
1. Dorsal venous arches
2. Fibular vein
3. Anterior tibial vein
4. Posterior tibial vein
5. Popliteal vein
6. Small saphenous vein
7. Great saphenous vein
8. Femoral vein
9. External iliac vein
10. Internal iliac vein
11. Common iliac vein
Color the arteries red and identify those indicated by leader lines on the figure. Indicate with arrows the direction of blood flow towards or away from the heart. Place arrows next to the blood vessels.
Color the veins blue and identify those indicated by leader lines on the figure. Indicate with arrows the direction of blood flow towards or away from the heart. Place arrows next to the blood vessels.
The abdominal vasculature. Using the key choices, identify the vessels by selecting the correct term or letter. Color the arteries red. Color the veins blue.
A. Aorta
B. Celiac trunk
C. Common iliac arteries
D. Gonadal arteries
E. Hepatic veins
F. Inferior mesenteric artery
G. Inferior vena cava
H. Lumbar arteries
I. External iliac artery
J. Superior mesenteric artery
K. Renal arteries
L. Renal veins
M. Left gonadal vein
N. Right gonadal vein
O. Internal iliac artery
Arterial circulation of the brain. Select different colors for the following structures, use the color coding circles.
·
· Basilar artery
· Anterior cerebral arteries
·
· Communicating branches
· Middle cerebral arterie
Diagram of the hepatic portal circulation. Select different colors for the structures listed and use them to color the color-coding circles and corresponding structures.
·
· Inferior mesenteric vein
· Superior mesenteric vein
· Splenic vein
· Gastric vein
· Hepatic portal vein
Identify fetal circulatory structures on diagrams models and specimens
· Foramen ovale
· Ductus arteriosus
· Ductus venosus
· Umbilical vein
· Umbilical arteries
Structures of fetal circulation. Color code circles and corresponding strctures.
·
· Foramen ovale
· Umbilical arteries
· Ductus arteriosus
· Umbilical cord
· Ductus venosus
· Umbilical vein
The fetal cardiovascular system goes through several changes after delivery that allow the newborn to function independently. Each of the assigned fetal structures changes into a post-natal structure that is still present in the body of adults.
The ductus arteriosus turns into the ___________________________________________
The ductus venosus turns into the ___________________________________________
The foramen ovale turns into the ___________________________________________
The umbilical arteries turn into the ___________________________________________
The umbilical vein turns into the ___________________________________________