I need definitions for the words on my homework.

Fill in the blank.

1. Lava with a higher content of _______ has higher viscosity.

2. If a large explosion causes the magma chamber below a volcano to empty, the volcano can collapse and form a/an _______.

3. Shield volcanoes can form when less _______ lava flows quickly away from a vent.

Respond to the following based on your reading.

4. Briefly describe what causes a volcanic eruption to be explosive.

5. When magma solidifies underground, the resulting landform is classified as _______.

6. Lava cooling on the surface of the earth forms _______ features.

7. A very large mineral is more likely to be found in _______ rock.

8. _______ is magma that forms in long, horizontal shafts in the earth’s crust.

9. Lava with high basalt content forms _______ through multiple eruptions.

Respond to the following based on your reading.

6. How can an intrusive landform become exposed to the air and visible?

Fill in the blank.

1. During an oceanic plate convergence, the _______ plate will sink.

2. The West Coast of the United States has features formed by _______.

3. During the _______ of two tectonic plates, magma fills the space between the plates.

4. The only volcanic activity that's not formed at tectonic plate boundaries is _______.

Respond to the following based on your reading.

5. Why does underwater hot-spot volcanism tend to form chains of islands? For that matter, why doesn't it form one huge, single island?

4.3

Fill in the blank.

1. The area in a fault where stress builds up is called the _______ zone.

2. _______ are breaks in the earth’s crust.

3. Strain occurs as a result of _______ in the earth’s crust.

4. _______ is a universally experienced pressure on the earth’s crust.

Respond to the following based on your reading.

5. How is the timing of seismic waves in an earthquake determined?

Fill in the blank.

1. The epicenter of an earthquake can be located using _______ from at least three seismographic stations.

2. The Richter scale magnitude can be calculated using the _______ of the wave traced out on a seismogram.

3. Rayleigh waves and Love waves are confined to the _______.

Match the term on the left with its definition on the right.

Term	Definition
4. Seismic shadow zone	a. A process used to determine the epicenter of an earthquake
5. Triangulation	b. A surface wave that causes horizontal motion
6. Rayleigh waves	c. Areas on the earth’s surface where waves traveling through the earth don’t arrive due to refraction
7. Love waves	d. A surface wave that causes vertical motion

Respond to the following based on your reading.

8. Why can seismic waves be used to determine structures and materials within the earth?

4.4

1. Due to the thick and viscous material in the asthenosphere, the liquid is called _______.

2. _______ is reached when areas of the lithosphere stop rising.

3. A change in density occurs as a result of _______ compression.

Respond to the following based on your reading.

4. What happens in the theory of isostasy?

Fill in the blank.

1. Mountain ranges form along _______ plate boundaries via orogenic processes.

2. Rift valleys formed through the stretching of divergent plates occurs through a/an _______ process.

3. The formation of mountain ranges occurs as a result of _______.

4. Scientists observe an extremely long _______ area in a continental plate during an orogenic process.

5. _______ processes cause vertical plate motion along tectonic plates.

Respond to the following based on your reading.

6. Briefly describe how buoyancy, isostatic equilibrium, and epeirogenic processes are related.

7. The orogenic belt containing the Himalayas formed as a result of the _______ Plate buckling from its collision with the Indian Plate.

8. The Himalayan mountains are rising _______ a year.

9. The _______ Himalayas in the west have more vegetation and a lower elevation than the Himalayas to the center.

Respond to the following based on your reading.

4. Briefly describe how and where block mountains form.

5.1

1. Unlike catastrophism, _______ states that mountains formed slowly over time.

2. William Smith was working as a surveyor in the late eighteenth century. He noticed that certain fossils were found in certain layers of sedimentary or igneous rock, that the same order of strata could be found in areas that were far apart, and these strata contained similar _______.

3. The Permian Period lasted from 299 Ma to 251 Ma. This means that the Permian Period lasted _______ years.

Fill in the blank.

1. For half of the radioisotopes of a certain kind to decay into its more stable isotope, the amount of time required is called the _______.

2. Radiocarbon dating is typically used to date more recent objects like _______, cloth, wood, and plant fibers.

3. _______ rocks can't be dated accurately using isotopic dating because this rock type is formed through the sedimentation of different rocks and mineral fragments.

4. Using the principle of faunal succession, scientists can determine the age of rocks by the _______ embedded within them.

Respond to the following based on your reading.

5. Briefly compare and contrast relative dating and absolute dating methods.

6. 87Rb has a half-life of 47 billion years, while 14C has a half-life of 5,730 years. Which isotope would you use to date a fossil from the Paleozoic Era? Briefly explain your choice.

7.

Fill in the blank.

1. Cyanobacteria can cluster together into colonies called _______, with some discovered in Western Australia that are 3.5 billion years old.

2. Cyanobacteria produce oxygen and convert sunlight to energy using _______.

3. Plants and arthropods didn't make the transition to land until near the end of the _______ Period.

4. Diverse multicellular eukaryotes didn't appear until the _______ period.

5. A large multicellular eukaryote requires more _______ to survive than a single-cell eukaryote.

Respond to the following based on your reading.

6. Describe the biological chemical processes that were responsible for producing oxygen in Earth's atmosphere, eventually leading to the Cambrian Explosion.

7. Explain the importance of oxygen in the evolution of large multicellular animal life.

8. The _______ era encompasses 90 percent of Earth's history.

9. Some of the oldest rocks ever discovered on Earth were found in western Greenland and were dated at approximately _______ billion years using isotopic dating methods.

10. The breakup of the most recent supercontinent of _______ is responsible for the current arrangement of continents.

11. During the Precambrian time, the oceans and atmosphere formed around Earth, and the concentration of oxygen gas eventually reached the point where it could support aerobic _______.

12. As the Earth cooled, layers formed as gravity pulled the dense material into the interior of the planet, creating a/an _______ of dense nickel and iron.

Respond to the following based on your reading.

6. Discuss the geologic processes that formed the continents during the Precambrian era.

Fill in the blank.

1. The first four-legged animals to reach land were classified as _______.

2. Pangaea was fully formed during the late _______ Period.

Respond to the following based on your reading.

3. Briefly explain the causes of glaciation and the processes that cause glaciers to grow.

4. Briefly explain how changes in sea level and evidence of past marine life are related.

Fill in the blank.

1. During the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction approximately _______ of all life forms on Earth became extinct.

2. The Cenozoic Era mass extinction of many animals gave an opportunity for _______ to fill the ecological positions that had previously been filled by dinosaurs.

3. Primates and early humans appeared later during the Neogene and _______ Periods.

4. The Cenozoic Era experienced a series of ice ages, and specifically during the _______ ice ages the glaciers advanced and retreated four times.

5. The Cascade Mountains were formed in the Cenozoic by the geologic process of _______ along the western edge of North American continent.

Respond to the following based on your reading.

6. Describe how life was affected on Earth during the Cretaceous Period when an asteroid struck the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico.

7. Metals and minerals are one example of a/an _______ resource.

8. Metals and minerals accumulate in specific regions on Earth due to _______ activity and as part of the rock cycle.

9. When sustainable yield is achieved, the rate of replenishment is equal to the rate at which the resource is harvested. This means that the resource can be harvested _______.

10. Plate motion can create the proper temperature and _______ underground for hydrocarbons to release from kerogen.

Respond to the following based on your reading.

5. Which processes are responsible for uneven distribution of metals in Earth's crust? How do these processes cause metals to be distributed?

Exercise

Fill in the blank.

1. Cyanobacteria produce _______ from nitrogen gas as part of the nitrogen cycle.

2. Only about _______ percent of Earth's water is available to be consumed by humans or used for agriculture.

3. Animals can't consume nitrates directly. They must obtain nitrogen by _______ plants or other herbivore animals.

4. _______ from forest fires and volcanoes, as well as the decay of dead plants and animals, causes a type of pollution from carbon oxides.

5. One of the primary reasons that freshwater is unevenly distributed around the world is due to variation in amounts of _______.

Respond to the following based on your reading.

6. What is the biggest problem with desalination?