LING 3P71: Exercise 4.. I need help in the last 5 questions of part 2

LING 3P71: Exercise 4 (Due March. 22, 2019)

1. Verb subcategorization (adapted from Rutherford, #21) [20 points]

At s-structure, the three verbs in (1) appear to have the same VP structure V + NP + infinitival clause: (1) We believed/wanted/persuaded him to be more honest.

However, applying the following tests to the infinitival part of the VP (i.e. him to be more honest) reveals that these verbs in fact have distinct subcategorization patterns: (* indicates ungrammaticality)

(i) paraphrasing with that-S: (2) a. We believed/wanted/*persuaded that he should be more honest.

b. We *believed/*wanted/persuaded him that he should be more honest

which shows that for believe & want, him to be more honest is a constituent; but for persuade it is not, suggesting that persuade subcategorizes for an NP and a CP complement.

(ii) insertion of the COMP for (maybe not in all dialects): (3) We *believed/wanted/*persuaded for him to be more honest. (iii) pseudo-clefting: (4) What we *believed/wanted/*persuaded was for him to be more honest.

Tests (ii) and (iii) suggest that while want subcategorizes for a CP with or without an overt COMP, believe subcategorizes for an IP. As for persuade, we know from Test (i) that it subcategorizes for NP + CP. To summarize, we have

(5) a. We believed [IP him to be more honest]

b. We wanted [CP e [IP him to be more honest]] c. We persuaded himi [CP e [IP PROi to be more honest]]

where PRO is an abstract syntactic element that stands in for the covert NP subject of an infinitival clause & is coindexed with its NP antecedent outside CP (in this case, him).

For each of the sentences listed, indicate whether the verb subcategorizes for one or two complements and whether the non-finite clausal complement is IP or CP. Use the above tests to assist you in your analysis.

Example:

# of Complements Type We believed him to be more honest 1 IP We wanted him to be more honest 1 CP We persuaded him to be more honest 2 CP

# of Complements Type

a. We found him to be more honest. b. We expected him to be more honest. c. We discovered him to be more honest. d. We helped him to be more honest. e. We reminded him to be more honest. f. We considered him to be more honest. g. We taught him to be more honest. h. We imagined him to be more honest. i. We judged him to be more honest. j. We allowed him to be more honest. k. We liked him to be more honest. l. We urged him to be more honest. m. We asked him to be more honest. n. We told him to be more honest. o. We understood him to be more honest. p. We felt him to be more honest. q. We knew him to be more honest. r. We encouraged him to be more honest. s. We preferred him to be more honest. t. We invited him to be more honest. 2. Draw tree diagrams for the following, paying attention to the functional nodes Spec, Adjunct and

Complement and where they should fit in the tree. Use the X-bar template for all phrases (i.e. with least one bar projection), and use triangles for all the underlined constituents. (30 points) [5% bonus for using the online phpSyntaxTree tool to draw the trees]

Example: go to the park a. a bottle of milk in the fridge

b. right on the island

c. laugh at the clown at ten o’clock

d. the puppy was capable of many tricks.

e. the man vowed that he would kill Bond.