2 assignments for psychology
Motivation & Emotion Part 1
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Motivation (section header)
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Motivation
Most of the general theories of motivation emphasize four basic qualities
Activating: it stimulates us to do something
Directive: it guides our behaviors toward meeting specific goals or needs
Sustaining: it helps us sustain behaviors until we achieve our goals or satisfy our needs
Differing in strength: motives will differ in strength depending on the person and the situation
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What motivates behavior?
Satisfaction of needs
Drive reduction
Optimal level of arousal
Pleasure principle
Incentives
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Satisfaction of needs
Need: A state of biological or social deficiency (like water or being with people)
Need hierarchy: An arrangement of needs, in which basic survival needs must be met before people can satisfy higher needs
Humanistic Psychology: Maslow’s theory hierarchy of needs
Self-actualization
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What motivates behavior? Satisfaction of needs
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Drive reduction
Drive: A psychological state that, by creating arousal, motivates an organism to engage in a behavior to satisfy a need
Basic biological drives, such as thirst and hunger, help animals maintain a stable condition
A stable condition is called equilibrium
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What motivates behavior? Drive reduction 1
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Drive reduction
Homeostasis: Tendency for bodily functions to remain in equilibrium
The set point indicates homeostasis for the system
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What motivates behavior? Drive reduction 2
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What motivates behavior? Optimal arousal and performance 1
Optimal arousal and performance
Arousal and performance
Everyone is motivated to engage in behaviors based on their own optimal level of arousal
Arousal: Physiological activation (such as increased brain activity) or increased autonomic responses (such as increased heart rate, sweating, or muscle tension)
Individual differences in optimal level of arousal
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Optimal arousal and performance
Yerkes-Dodson law
performance increases with arousal up to an optimal point. After that point, more arousal will result in decreasing performance
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What motivates behavior? Optimal arousal and performance 2
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What motivates behavior? Pleasure & Incentives
Pleasure
Freud proposed that needs are satisfied based on the pleasure principle.
According to Freud, the pleasure principle motivates people to seek pleasure and avoid pain
Incentives
External objects or external goals, rather than internal drives, that motivate behaviors
Incentives affect our motivations to act in certain ways because we have learned over time that our actions have consequences (operant conditioning)
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Intrinsic & Extrinsic Motivation 1
Intrinsic motivation
A desire to perform an activity because of the value or pleasure associated with that activity, rather than for an apparent external goal or purpose
Extrinsic motivation
A desire to perform an activity to achieve an external goal that activity is directed toward
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When the reward is removed, the child no longer reads
Gets rewarded for reading
(Extrinsic Motivation)
Kid likes to read
(Intrinsic Motivation)
Extrinsic motivation can reduce intrinsic motivation
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Intrinsic & Extrinsic Motivation 21
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Extrinsic rewards can reduce intrinsic motivation
Self-determination theory
In self-determination theory, people are motivated to feel good about themselves
People are motivated to feel successful (competence), have personal control (autonomy), and develop personal relationships with others (relatedness).
Extrinsic rewards may reduce the intrinsic value of an activity because they undermine our feeling that we are choosing to do something for ourselves
Self-perception theory
In self-perception theory, we are seldom aware of our specific motives. Instead, we make inferences about our motives according to what seems to make the most sense
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Intrinsic & Extrinsic Motivation 2
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Important Motivations
Biological needs
Need to belong
Need for achievement
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Need to Belong
People are motivated to form groups
Need to belong theory: The need for interpersonal attachments is a fundamental motive that has evolved for adaptive purposes
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Need for Achievement
Need for Achievement: The need, or desire, to attain a certain standard of excellence
Differs across people
Goals affect achievement
Challenging goals encourage effort, persistence, and concentration
Goals that are too easy or too hard can undermine motivation and lead to failure
Self-efficacy affects achievement
The expectation that your efforts will lead to success
Goals that are challenging but not overwhelming usually are most likely to lead to success
Ability to delay gratification (Marshmallow study)
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