1848a1.pptx

The Revolutions of 1848

1

Why 1848?

19th Century Liberals push for more representative government.

poor harvests in Europe in 1846 and 1847

1848, there was a general economic recession.

The Famine

The Potato is introduced to Ireland in 1600

Irish Population growth:

1780: 4 million

1840: 8 million

1845-48: The Potato Blight

The Famine

The consequences

One million deaths

Starvation

Dysentery

Typhus

Emigration

1.5 million people go abroad

Stereotypes of the Irish in the 19th century

SKIBBEREEN.--In the parish of Kilmoe, fourteen died on Sunday; three of these were buried in coffins, eleven were buried without other covering than the rags they wore when alive. And one gentleman, a good and charitable man, speaking of this case, says--'The distress is so appalling, that we must throw away all feelings of delicacy;' and another says--'I would rather give 1s. to a starving man than 4s. 6d. for a coffin.' One hundred and forty have died in the Skibbereen Workhouse in one month; eight have died in one day! And Mr. M'Carthy Downing states that 'they came into the house merely and solely for the purpose of getting a coffin.' The Rev. Mr. Clancy visits a farm, and there, in one house, 'he administered the last rites of religion to six person.' On a subsequent occasion, he 'prepared for death a father and a daughter lying in the same bed.' Dr. Donovan solemnly assures a public meeting that the people are 'dropping in dozens about them.' Mr. Marmion says that work on the public road is even more destructive than fever; for the unfed wretches have not energy enough to keep their blood in circulation, and they drop down from the united effects of cold and hunger--never to rise again.

From the London Illustrated News, 1847

"The first Sketch is taken on the road, at Cahera, of a famished boy and girl turning up the ground to seek for a potato to appease their hunger. 'Not far from the spot where I made this sketch,' says Mr. Mahoney, 'and less than fifty perches from the high road, is another of the many sepulchres above ground, where six dead bodies had lain for twelve days, without the least chance of interment, owing to their being so far from the town.'"

Illustrated London News, February 20, 1847.

Louis Philippe’s “Bourgeois Monarchy”

Louis XVIII (1814-1824)

Charles X (1824-1830)

Louis Philippe Reigns 1830-1848

Accepted symbols of a republic

Reality

A Second French Revolution

Liberals meet (advertised as banquets) to criticize King Louis Philippe for ignoring calls for electoral reform

In response, the King forbade further banquets.

How do the crowds of Paris react to Louis Philippe?

Who makes up the two sides?

On February 24, 1848, out of fear Louis Philippe abdicates

What is instituted in the Louis’s vacated position?

A Second French Revolution

Workers demanding relief confront the new liberal government

Late April: Election to replace the provisional government

Warfare followed

June Days

3,000 people die in fighting

Who wins?

Gustave Courbet, Les Casseurs de pierres, 1849-50

A Second French Revolution

Constituent Assembly creates a strong executive

Elect Louis Napoleon (nephew of the Emperor) to throne

What drives his popularity? Why do the people accept him?

Louis Napoleon acts as an economic liberal and an authoritarian dictator

December 2, 1851 seizes power in a military coup

people overwhelmingly approved his actions

becomes Emperor Napoleon III

Austria

Hungarian nationalists attacked Austrian domination of Hungary

National autonomy

Full civil liberties

Universal suffrage

Riots break out in Vienna

Student groups

Workers

Peasants in countryside

Emperor Ferdinand and Metternich flee Vienna

Hapsburg government emancipates serfs

Why? What is the result?

In territory after territory, the Hapsburgs made concessions to the liberals

later, repudiated them after gaining popular peasant support.

Why else does this revolution break down?

Prussia and the Frankfurt Assembly

Prior to 1848 middle-class Prussians sought a liberal constitutional monarchy

News of Louis Philippe’s overthrow inspires Berlin

Prussia and the Frankfurt Parliament

Demonstrations in Berlin put down by the royal army in March 1848

King Frederick William IV promised to call an assembly and draft a constitution and adopt the German nationalist flag

Prussia and the Frankfurt Parliament

Nationalist goals take precedence over labor/socialist agenda

Frankfurt Parliament offers Frederick William a constitutional monarchy,

“crown from the gutter”

Austria forces Prussia to renounce all unification attempts in 1850

Italy

King Charles Albert of Piedmont (a northwestern state in Italy) wants to be constitutional monarch of a united Italy

rebels against Austria but was defeated and made peace.

Uprising in Rome

radicals proclaim a Roman Republic

drive Pope from the city

Charles Albert supports effort but is again defeated and then abdicates

Foreign troops quelled most uprisings.

French troops occupy Rome and restored Pope

1848: A Summary

In 1848, demonstrations and uprisings toppled governments

Liberal, socialist, and nationalist ideals put into practice.

Popular sentiment became important

growing nationalist ideas call for united Germany and Italy

Great Britain and Russia remained untouched

Why?

All the revolutions failed due to ideological confrontations

Divided revolutionaries fall prey to strong conservative alliances