masonary construction
MASONRY
Materials and Methods
Masonry, an assembly of building units held together with mortar, is a class of construction that dates back to the beginning of recorded history. 4 of the 7 wonders of the ancient world, including the pyramids of Egypt, were masonry structures. The materials and methods used have not changed that much since then. Essentially masonry consists of setting individual building units in a bed of mortar, one after another. A variety of shapes, patterns, and sizes can be incorporated into a single homogeneous structure. Common building units include brick, stone, and concrete masonry units.
Mortar
- Sand, lime, cement, water
- Important properties
- Strength
- Workability
- Compatibility
- Cements – I, II, III
- Mortar Types M, S, N, O
Grout
- Aggregate grading is different from mortar
- Used for filling cells of concrete units and other leveling uses
Masonry Joints
- Struck
- Weather
- Flush
- Raked
- Stripped
- Vee
- Concave
Brick Manufacture
The process of making brick generally consists of the following steps: Gathering, crushing, grinding, screening, and mixing the raw materials; making the brick; and setting, drying, firing, packaging and inventorying the final product.
- Molded – Dried - Burned in kilns
- Methods
- Extruded
- Molded
“green” brick
Firing brick in kiln
dried brick
Brick Shapes & Sizes
- 6 surfaces
- 4 x 2 2/3 x 8 (nominal includes mortar joint)
- 3 5/8 x 2 ¼ x 7 5/8
- Cored brick
Quality & Grades
- Building brick
- Face brick
- Strength – durability – appearance
- Severe weathering SW
- Moderate weathering MW
- Negligible weathering NW
Brick Bonds
re: p. 567-569
Brick Positions
Bricklaying
Efflorescence
- Salts in brick or mortar that leach out due to penetrating water
Expansion Control
- To relieve stresses
- Located at offsets and intersections
Expansion/Control Joints
Masonry Accessories
- Reinforcing
- horizontal
- vertical
Wall ties
Flashing
- External – prevents water penetration at points where walls intersect flat surfaces (roofs)
- Internal – built into & usually concealed in wall
- Should be installed
- Above grade in exterior walls
- Under & behind window sills
- Over lintels
- Over spandrel beams
- Projections or recesses from face of wall
- Under parapet copings
- Intersections of roof & wall
- Roof projections
- Around chimney & dormers