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Module 2 Using Digital Tools: Hardware and Software

By Kathy Sole, Ashford University

Learning Objectives

After reading this module, you should be able to

• Describe the types of computer hardware you can use to complete your Ashford University courses.

• Explain how certain portable devices can be used to enhance your educational experience.

• Identify ways in which productivity software can help you complete your college courses more easily and efficiently.

• Describe ways you can share documents with classmates and collaborate with them on assignments.

• Explain how you can access cloud storage from multiple devices and how cloud storage can make your computer files safer and more secure.

Roberto Westbrook/Blend Images/Getty Images

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Introduction: Getting the Most Out of Your Classes Begins With Your Computer

Do you currently use a computer? If so, what do you use it for most often? Do you log on to play games, stream videos, connect with friends on social media, or browse websites to get the latest sports scores or entertainment news? If so, you are like most people; you use your computer to receive information—or, as technology experts say, to “consume content.” According to computer analyst Tim Bajarin (2010), most people spend approximately 75% of their computer time consuming content and only 25% creating content—performing produc- tive tasks such as writing, drawing, paying bills, or balancing a checkbook.

As a new Ashford University student, your life is about to change. You will probably find these percentages to be reversed: About 75% of your com- puter time will be spent creating con- tent such as discussion forum posts and written assignments. To perform these tasks well, it is important that you have the right tools for the job.

Jason is a corporal in the U.S. Army and is stationed in Germany. He is earning his bachelor’s degree at Ashford Uni- versity so he can qualify to enroll in Officer Candidate School and become an army officer. Now in his final year, Jason can look back and recognize just how essential his computer has

been for keeping up with classes and completing assignments. When he entered the Ashford program, Jason did not have much experience with computers because they had never been required for his job. Yet he took the time to figure out which digital tools would allow him to have the most successful educational experience. He was intimidated at first but found that once he was set up with a good computer and appropriate software, he was able to learn how to use them, step-by-step, as he began working through assignments and completing tasks.

In this module, we will learn from Jason’s experiences by exploring the different devices and software options available to make sure you meet university technology requirements. You may find that you already have everything you need or that you can make a simple software upgrade or two and be on your way. If you are investing in a new computer system, this mod- ule will help you make good decisions about the tools you need to be successful in your Ash- ford University courses. Let’s get started!

Comstock Images/Stockbyte/Thinkstock

Performing productive tasks, such as paying bills, only accounts for about 25% of a person’s time on the computer.

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2.1 Which Hardware Is Right for You?

As Jason would tell you, understanding your computer needs is critical to performing well in your online courses. More than just understanding computers, though, you must be knowl- edgeable of and proficient in using computers and other digital tools. Digital tools are elec- tronic devices and programs that translate data into readable information. They can ulti- mately make your life easier and more efficient by allowing you to enjoy images, videos, and games; create content such as academic papers and reports; and complete your entire degree program and further your career. Digital tools have the potential to change and improve your life.

We can divide these digital tools into two types: hardware and software. Hardware refers to the equipment associated with your electronic devices—in other words, the machinery, wiring, and other physical components. Software, which we will discuss later in the module, refers to the systems and programs that run on your computer hardware. We begin this mod- ule by taking a look at the hardware you need for your Ashford course work, as well as some options you may want to consider for added convenience, efficiency, and fun.

Modern society uses a wide range of hardware, including desktop computers, laptops, tab- lets, smartphones, televisions, cameras, and entertainment systems. Let’s face it—sometimes the choices are overwhelming! The best way to determine which hardware to purchase is to

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2.1 Which Hardware Is Right for You?

think about what you will do with that device. As a student at Ashford, meeting your academic needs should be your top priority when choosing computer hardware. One thing we know for sure about a desktop computer or laptop is that you can easily use them for your Ashford University course work. Most of the options you choose for school will also have features you can enjoy and use in your personal life, so it’s a win–win situation.

A Desktop or Laptop Computer Is Vital to Your Academic Success

In your Ashford University courses, you will be required to express your ideas in a profes- sional manner, communicate appropriately with others, and prepare formal written assign- ments, papers, and reports. To accomplish these goals effectively, you must use a desktop computer or a laptop, or notebook computer. Desktop com- puters are designed to rest on a table or desk and be used in a single location. They are fairly large because they consist of several components con- nected together to create a complete computer sys- tem. A laptop or notebook computer has most of these same components, but it is a mobile comput- ing device with many of the components integrated into one small, portable device. Click through the interactive feature in your e-book to learn more about each type of device and its many components.

With either a desktop or a laptop, you will have the capability to access all the features of your online classroom and reap the full benefit of your Constellation course materials. Not only will you be able to view all graphics, or visual images, embedded within your electronic texts, you will also be able to take online quizzes, watch videos, complete interactive activities, and contrib- ute to your class discussion forums. On your desktop or laptop, you can also write, format, and edit papers; organize your files; and create spreadsheets and class presentations. Other devices such as a tablet or smartphone may allow you to accomplish some of these tasks, but neither is sufficient as a standalone device for your academic work. You will need a powerful desktop or laptop computer for serious academic work.

To ensure your success in the online learning environment, investing in a desktop or laptop/ notebook computer is strongly recommended if you don’t have one already. The computer will be the most important tool you use throughout your educational experience, and you do not want insufficient hardware to stand in the way of completing your assignments. In Mod- ule 9 we will discuss how buying a reliable computer is an example of an appropriate use for student loans.

If for some reason you are unable to access or use your computer, you have several other options for getting your course work done. You can log in to your online classroom from any computer with Internet access. Therefore, you may be able to use a computer at work (with your manager’s approval, of course) or access a computer at a local public library, Internet café, public school, or government facility. Some businesses such as FedEx Office (formerly

Blend Images/Blend Images/SuperStock

A flash drive allows you to save personal files and transport them with ease.

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2.1 Which Hardware Is Right for You?

FedEx Kinko’s print and ship centers) also rent computers for an hourly rate during their business hours. If you use a shared computer at a public site, always take a USB memory device (also called a USB memory stick, flash drive, or thumb drive) with you to save your personal files.

Technical difficulties—including not having access to a computer and not being able to con- nect to the Internet—are not acceptable excuses for turning in assignments late. So check computer options in your local community now, in case you need computer access in a pinch. Make sure you have a backup plan in the event that your primary computer is not functioning properly. Also, check out the troubleshooting section of Module 3 to learn how to solve com- puter or Internet problems that you may encounter.

Desktop or Laptop? Let Usage Be Your Guide

Now that you understand the impor- tance of a desktop or laptop computer for your academic success and the computer’s basic operating compo- nents, how do you choose one? Both desktops and laptops have advantages and disadvantages. As we compare them, think about how and where you will do your schoolwork and your per- sonal preferences for types of com- puter hardware; this knowledge will help guide your decision.

Our friend, Jason, put a lot of thought into his decision. Life in the military takes him around the world, so hav- ing a portable, lightweight device with long battery life was of utmost impor- tance to him. Before heading to the store to look at laptops, he read some consumer reports and reviews to determine which brands were the best quality and value, as well as what other consumers thought about the computers they purchased. He also talked with friends about the types of computers they had and asked what they liked and disliked about the models they chose. Using what he learned, Jason narrowed down his choices to a handful of possible models, as we will help you do in this section. He then compared prices of specific brands and models online with prices at major computer retail stores.

With this information in hand, Jason headed to a computer store, where he consulted fur- ther with the sales staff. He took a copy of the Ashford University Technology Requirements with him (available at http://www.ashford.edu/catalog-online-undergraduate-programs .htm#catalog11798) to show salespeople what his course work would require. He also told the sales staff that he intended to keep in touch with friends and family on social media, man- age his growing photo collection, and play a couple of online games. The salespeople took his usage into account and recommended a number of options.

Hero Images/Hero/Images/SuperStock

Should you use a laptop or a desktop computer for your course work? Both have advantages, but choose based on how and where you think you will work.

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http://www.ashford.edu/catalog-online-undergraduate-programs.htm#catalog11798

2.1 Which Hardware Is Right for You?

Jason considered his budget, recalled the brands he had researched, and further narrowed down his selections to a couple of choices. He ended up going with the less expensive option, even though it didn’t have as many features. He decided he could use the money he saved to buy some accessories like a laptop travel case, a pair of headphones, a computer lap desk, and a better mouse. He knew he would be spending a great deal of time at the computer for his course work, so his personal comfort would be important.

When you shop for a computer, however, be careful not to be persuaded to buy more than you need. New technology is continually being introduced, and it is easy to get carried away with exciting and innovative new computer features. Make sure the salesperson does not oversell you on a model that does not match your usage or your budget. For example, unless you intend to use the device for purposes other than school, you will not need a high-performance computer that a game developer or graphic designer would use.

Let’s consider the various choices you will have to make to determine the computer that will work best for you. As you read this information, consider three basic questions:

1. Will you do most of your course work at home or on the go? 2. What accessories will you need? Don’t forget to factor the price of those accessories

into your purchase. 3. Other than course work, what other tasks or activities will you perform for which you

will need additional features?

Select a Platform: Apple OS X or Microsoft Windows The first decision you will likely make when purchasing a computer is whether you want a device that operates on a Microsoft Windows or Apple OS X platform. Your Ashford Univer- sity Technology Requirements specify that you must use a computer with one of these two operating systems. The platform, or operating system, runs all the programs and applica- tions on your device. Desktop computers or laptops with the Windows platform are generally more affordable than those with the OS X platform; they start at under $400, and they offer more software choices. Some people, however, find Mac computers (which have the OS X plat- form) particularly easy to use and like the convenience of purchasing all their software from Apple computer’s Mac App Store. Apple’s desktop and laptop computers are more expensive, though, and start at about $900.

You can get a sense of the Apple OS X and Microsoft Windows platforms by taking the tours at the following websites.

• Apple Mac overview: http://www.apple.com. Click on the search icon (the magnifying glass in the upper right-hand corner), type “iMac® OS X” and hit enter. Click “Mac – Apple.”

• Windows 10: http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/features

Take a look at A Closer Look: Mac Versus PC to learn more about the difference between Macs and PCs.

A Closer Look: Mac Versus PC

You have surely heard about the Mac versus PC debate. You may even already have an opinion on which is better. Mac refers to Macintosh, a popular Apple computer, and PC stands for “personal computer,” a generic term used for other manufacturers’ comput- ers. Although Apple computers do qualify as personal computers, PC generally refers to computers that run the Microsoft Windows platform. Your computer platform or oper- ating system affects your entire digital experience. In essence, it defines your relation- ship with your computer. This may explain why users feel so passionately about it.

One of the fundamental differences between Macs and PCs is that Apple manufactures all its devices (iPhones, iPods, iPads, MacBooks). It also manufactures and updates the operating system (for example, OS X) installed on its computers. What’s more, all of its software applications and mobile apps are designed specifically for Apple products. Therefore, when you use an Apple product, you have a complete Apple experience. If you have more than one Apple device, such as a Mac computer and an iPhone, the Apple devices will be compatible, and you can easily switch from one to the other.

The setup is quite different on PCs. Although they may run the Windows operating sys- tem, many different companies manufacture PC computers and many of their software applications. As a result, a variety of hardware and software options are available across a wide price range, giving users the flexibility to customize their experience relatively inexpensively.

The choice of whether to use a Mac or a PC is not always obvious. Either one is appropri- ate for completing your Ashford University degree; it is entirely up to you. Before you make a purchase, ask your friends or family members to show you some of the features on their computers. You can also get a sense of the look and feel of the Apple and Win- dows experience by checking out in-store demos. The following video should also give you a better sense of how the Mac and PC platforms differ:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wy2r-Ur12tw

Reflection Questions

1. According to the video, which platform might be a better fit for people who want a powerful computer that allows them to optimize their hardware?

2. Which platform does the narrator suggest for users who are looking for a one-stop solution for their computer purchase?

3. What are your thoughts so far? Have you taken a side in the Mac versus PC debate?

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2.1 Which Hardware Is Right for You?

Let’s consider the various choices you will have to make to determine the computer that will work best for you. As you read this information, consider three basic questions:

1. Will you do most of your course work at home or on the go? 2. What accessories will you need? Don’t forget to factor the price of those accessories

into your purchase. 3. Other than course work, what other tasks or activities will you perform for which you

will need additional features?

You can get a sense of the Apple OS X and Microsoft Windows platforms by taking the tours at the following websites.

• Apple Mac overview: http://www.apple.com. Click on the search icon (the magnifying glass in the upper right-hand corner), type “iMac® OS X” and hit enter. Click “Mac – Apple.”

• Windows 10: http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/features

Take a look at A Closer Look: Mac Versus PC to learn more about the difference between Macs and PCs.

A Closer Look: Mac Versus PC

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wy2r-Ur12tw

Reflection Questions

1. According to the video, which platform might be a better fit for people who want a powerful computer that allows them to optimize their hardware?

2. Which platform does the narrator suggest for users who are looking for a one-stop solution for their computer purchase?

3. What are your thoughts so far? Have you taken a side in the Mac versus PC debate?

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2.1 Which Hardware Is Right for You?

Consider Speed, Processing Power, Memory, and Storage Space You may have heard people use terms like kilobits, kilobytes, megabits, or megabytes when they talk about computers. Both bits and bytes are units of measurement in computer lan- guage, and they determine the speed and processing power of computer devices, as well as the memory and storage capacity of electronic devices.

Bits are measurements of the speed at which the computer performs calculations or transfers data. For example, a computer may have a 32-bit or 64-bit processor, or an Internet service provider may advertise that it offers download speeds of 60 megabits per second (abbrevi- ated Mbits per second or Mbps). Generally, the more bits per second, the faster and more powerful the device. Bytes (pronounced “bites”) are measurements of the size or capacity of a computer file and the computer memory or storage devices. For example, you may have a computer that has a 500-gigabyte hard drive to store data. Generally, the more bytes, the greater a computer file’s size or the computer data storage’s capacity. Because the term bytes is used most frequently to describe computer hardware, a handy reference chart of the names, sizes, and abbreviations of bytes is provided in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1: Bytes = size or capacity

Definition of bytes Abbreviation

1,000 bytes = a kilobyte KB

1,000 kilobytes or 1,000,000 bytes (106) = a megabyte

1,000 megabytes (109) = a gigabyte GB

1,000 gigabytes (1012) = a terabyte TB

1,000 terabytes (1015) = a petabyte PB

1,000 petabytes (1018) = an exabyte EB

1,000 exabytes (1021) = a zettabyte ZB

1,000 zettabytes (1024) = a yottabyte YB

How you use your computer should inform your choice of how much speed and storage capac- ity you need. Music, pictures, and video files are larger and contain more bytes than text files. Thus, audio engineers and graphic designers often work with very large files and require pow- erful computers that can quickly process and save large amounts of data. Serious gamers will also insist on having a high-powered computer, but that doesn’t mean someone with an aver- age, moderately priced computer can’t enjoy an occasional online game as well. As an Ashford student, you will be well equipped for your classes as long as your computer meets the mini- mum Ashford University Technology Requirements (available at http://www.ashford.edu /catalog-online-undergraduate-programs.htm#catalog11798).

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http://www.ashford.edu/catalog-online-undergraduate-programs.htm#catalog11798

2.1 Which Hardware Is Right for You?

Consider Size and Portability The obvious differences between desk- top and laptop computers are size and portability. As you saw in the earlier interactive feature in your e-book, desk- top systems take up considerably more space than laptops, and moving them is no easy task. Many people, especially those who travel a great deal, prefer to take their online college classes and do their professional work using a laptop or notebook computer rather than a desktop system. This is largely because many laptop/notebook computers have the same functionality as a desktop computer system, despite their smaller size. However, keep in mind that the smallest and lightest laptops are some- times the most expensive.

Consider Price Point Cost will certainly be a factor in deciding which computer is right for you. Desktop and laptop systems are comparable in price and can be found in a wide range of prices, from less than $500 to more than $2,000, depending on size and the features we discuss in the next section.

You can save money on a computer in a number of ways:

1. Watch for sales, especially around major holidays. 2. Manufacturers introduce new computer models frequently and discount their older

models at that time. Online merchants compete with retail stores to clear out the older models. So be sure to shop in stores and online and compare prices.

3. Manufacturers also offer various versions of the same model that have slightly dif- ferent features and capabilities. Some of these versions have features you don’t need, and you can often save money by purchasing a more basic model and not paying for features you won’t use.

4. Finally, check major computer retailers to see if they have any returns, refurbished computers, or floor models. These computers may have the same warranties as a “new” computer, but the retailer often heavily discounts the price because the box has been opened and the computer cannot be sold as “new.” Be sure to check with the retailer to confirm the warranty on such models.

The Laptop Interactive Buying Guide available at http://blog.laptopmag.com/laptop-buying -guide may help you narrow down your choices. Once you decide on either a laptop or desk- top computer, check out Strategies for Success: Extending the Life of Your Computer for some key tips on how to extend the life of your computer.

Jacob Ammentorp Lund/iStock/Thinkstock

One advantage of using a laptop computer is that you can use it anywhere that has an Internet con- nection. Thus, it is beneficial to have a laptop if you often find yourself on the go.

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http://blog.laptopmag.com/laptop-buying-guide

2.1 Which Hardware Is Right for You?

Strategies for Success: Extending the Life of Your Computer

Once you have invested in a computer, you want it to last at least as long as you are in school, and hopefully longer! Provided you take meticulous care of your computer, it should serve you well for years to come. The following web pages outline some tips for extending the life of your device.

http://www.pcworld.com/article/2137366/7-easy-tips-to-extend-your-pcs-lifespan .html

http://computercheckup.aol.com/articles/how-to-extend-pc-life

Reflection Questions

1. What are two things you can do to keep your computer from overheating? 2. What is the best method for plugging in your computer?

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http://www.pcworld.com/article/2137366/7-easy-tips-to-extend-your-pcs-lifespan.html

2.2 Other Portable Devices That Can Enhance Your Educational Experience

Now that we have discussed the essential hardware you need for your online classes, let’s take a look at a few other devices that can help you use your time wisely, reduce your stress, and complete your college courses more efficiently. They are not required for any of your Ash- ford courses and will not replace your primary computer. However, if you have access to any of these devices, you can use them to perform some class functions and use your time more wisely. You may also acquire one of these devices in the future, and understanding them will improve your digital literacy and enable you to make better decisions about the technology you want to incorporate in your life.

Tablets

Thanks in part to their relative ease of use, one of the most popular computing devices today is the tablet computer. Tablets do not require a monitor, mouse, or keyboard. Rather, a tablet is a thin, flat slate that is small, lightweight, and portable. Some tablets are simply electronic reading devices; others perform additional tasks, and some of the latest tablets allow you to access the Internet and perform some of the same functions as a desktop or laptop.

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2.2 Other Portable Devices That Can Enhance Your Educational Experience

A 2014 study by the Pew Research Center showed that from 2013 to 2014, the number of Americans who owned a tablet computer rose, from 31% to 42% of the population (Zickuhr & Rainie, 2014). As you can see in Figure 2.1, the most common use of the tablet was for checking e-mail, social networking, looking up information on the Internet, watching TV, and shopping.

Figure 2.1: Tablet usage: Prevalence of tablet computing

Do you have a tablet? If so, what do you use it for most often?

Data from “Understanding Tablet Use: A Multi-method Exploration,” by H. Müller, J. L. Gove, and J. S. Webb, 2012 (http://static .googleusercontent.com/external_content/untrusted_dlcp/research.google.com/en/us/pubs/archive/38135.pdf); and “Tablet and E-reader Ownership,” by K. Zickuhr and L. Rainie, 2014 (http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/01/16/tablet-and-e-reader-ownership).

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http://static.googleusercontent.com/external_content/untrusted_dlcp/research.google.com/en/us/pubs/archive/38135.pdf

http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/01/16/tablet-and-e-reader-ownership

2.2 Other Portable Devices That Can Enhance Your Educational Experience

Given their small size, you may be able to carry a tablet with you during the day and use it during any free time such as lunch or rest breaks, when you are waiting for meetings to begin or to pick up your children, or sitting in the dentist’s office. It can be used to check in to your class, respond to e-mails, conduct research, or contact your instructor or classmates with questions.

Four basic types of tablets are available today: (a) eReaders, (b) eReader–tablet hybrids, (c) true tablets, and (d) tablet–laptop hybrids. Table 2.2 offers descriptions of each and outlines how you can use them for class.

Table 2.2: Tablets and their uses

Tablet type Description Examples Functionality for class

Limitations for class

eReader The simplest type of tablet, an eReader is designed primarily for reading e-books and e-magazines.

• Amazon Kindle

• Barnes & Noble Nook

• Purchase pri- mary sources electronically

• Conduct research on the go

• Read assigned e-text chapters

Reading your e-text on this device means you will not have access to video and other multimedia that might be embed- ded in your textbook.

eReader– tablet hybrid

These tablets blend the features of an eReader with more sophisticated features of a tablet computer. In addi- tion to being able to download and read digital content, they offer a larger screen and higher resolution.

• Amazon Kindle Fire

• Samsung Galaxy Tab 4 Nook

• Access the Internet

• Log in to Ash- ford classes

• Work on assignments

• Read assigned e-text chapters

It is difficult to type lengthy text on the touch screen key- board, so this type of tablet is not a good option for prepar- ing and submitting course assignments.

True tablet While still maintain- ing a compact and portable design, these tablets can be as powerful as some personal computers and offer extended battery life.

• iPad • Samsung

Galaxy Tab • Toshiba

Excite Go

• Access the Internet

• Log in to Ash- ford classes

• Work on assignments

• Read assigned e-text chapters

While these devices offer thousands of software programs, including software for school and work projects, the small screens make it dif- ficult to type lengthy documents.

Tablet– laptop hybrid (or 2-in-1 convertible computer)

These devices are usually slightly larger than true tablets and include a detachable keyboard with raised keys, like a laptop computer.

• Lenovo Yoga • HP and Dell

Ultra books • Asus

Trans former • Microsoft

Surface

• Access the Internet

• Log in to Ash- ford classes

• Work on assignments

• Read assigned e-text chapters

Some of these devices may meet all Ashford University Technology require- ments*, but they are relatively expensive.

*Be sure to check with your enrollment advisor to review these requirements if you wish to use a tablet–laptop hybrid as your primary computer.

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2.2 Other Portable Devices That Can Enhance Your Educational Experience

To read your course textbooks on a simple eReader, you will need to download specific files (e.g., mobi or epub) from Constellation that your eReader can open. Other types of tablets will be able to access Constellation. The use of eReaders and e-reading platforms such as Constel- lation may also reduce textbook costs, and eReaders are considered to be more environmen- tally friendly because they do not require paper (Go, 2009).

Netbooks

Netbooks may look like laptop computers, but they are thin, small, lightweight computing devices that are designed primarily for consuming content. They are sometimes referred to as mini laptops or subnotebooks because they are smaller and more lightweight than laptops and have less computing power. These devices have attached keyboards but less hardware than desktops or laptops. Netbook is the general name for these small machines, and as their name implies, they are designed primarily for connecting to the Internet and for sending and receiving e-mail. Netbooks may be less expensive computers for personal use, but they are generally not suitable alternatives to a laptop or a tablet for creating documents for school and work. Most of these devices utilize a touch screen rather than a mouse for typing lengthy academic documents and do not have all the features you need for school or for the work- place. They do have some excellent features, however, for personal use.

One type of netbook, Google’s Chromebook, has an operating system that is optimized to pro- vide users with an excellent web experience. Chromebooks also have built-in security features that eliminate the need to buy and maintain antivirus software. The devices boot up quickly and allow access to apps, games, photos, music, and movies without having to worry about storing files, because they reside in the cloud. We will discuss cloud storage later in this module.

Smartphones

One of the most significant new comput- ing devices in the past few decades is the smartphone. Fast connection speeds, a wide range of storage options, and an ever-increasing number of download- able software applications make these devices popular and user-friendly. Users can personalize the start screen by plac- ing any applications, photos, games, songs, websites, or documents they want there. Check out A Closer Look: Aug- mented Reality to understand the idea of augmented reality and how smartphones offer a variety of features and applica- tions to maximize the user’s experience.

LDProd/iStock/Thinkstock

Smartphones give you the ability to log in to class, send e-mail, or read text messages. They can be a great asset to your academic and professional career.

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2.2 Other Portable Devices That Can Enhance Your Educational Experience

Smartphones have the potential to be both time wasters and time savers. You can distract yourself for hours with a wide range of games and social media applications. On the other hand, apps are available that allow you to log in to your online class, send e-mail, deposit checks, identify where the cheapest gas in the neighborhood is sold, and read reviews of nearly every business in town. While it is easy to access some of your course materials through your phone, it is not recommended that you complete tasks related to your classes on a smart- phone. The small screen limits functionality and may inhibit your ability to produce thorough, accurate work.

A Closer Look: Augmented Reality

To augment reality means to add to or improve it. How could a smartphone improve your reality? Augmented reality is a term used to describe an experience in which a device such as a smartphone is used to add sound, video, graphics, or GPS data to the physical world around you, in real time.

Imagine you are walking around Times Square in New York City for the first time, and you are lost. You take out your smartphone and enter the augmented reality mode. You aim your smartphone at various buildings, and the phone displays information about each of them. Once you get your bearings, you realize you are hungry. You speak a com- mand into the phone, such as “nearest pizza.” In the blink of an eye, directions to the clos- est pizza shops appear on your screen, along with user reviews and recommendations.

You follow your smartphone to the front door of a nearby restaurant. You sit down at a booth, enjoy a slice of authentic New York pizza, and observe the busy street outside. You smile, take a selfie, and upload your photo and GPS coordinates to Facebook. Your friends, who are also lost several blocks away, can now easily track you down. While you enjoy your pizza, you use your smartphone to purchase theater tickets, reserve a room for the night, and e-mail your parents that you are having a fabulous time. You have just augmented your reality.

Technology such as this illustrates how we rely on electronic devices to maximize our experiences, solve problems, and enhance our lives.

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2.3 Software: Your Tools for Success

At this point in the module, you should have a much better sense of how your hardware choices will help you succeed in your online course work. Now we turn our attention to soft- ware. Whereas hardware represents the physical devices and computer equipment, software refers to the systems and programs that use digital technology to run on the computer hard- ware. Software determines what you can accomplish with your computer. Therefore, it is just as vital to your academic success as the computer itself. Recall Jason from the beginning of this module. As he finishes up his degree program at Ashford University, he can attest to the importance of software, which allowed him to gain access to his course materials, conduct research, write papers, save files, and communicate with his instructors and classmates.

A wide variety of application software is available for educational, professional, and per- sonal use on desktop computers, laptops, tablets, smartphones, and other mobile devices. This software represents all the programs that allow you to do things on your computer. As Jason has, you will be able to successfully write papers, present your ideas in table format and presentation slides, and complete interactive activities and watch videos in Constellation—all thanks to your software. The application software for desktop computers and laptops/note- books is usually called a software program, whereas the application software for other mobile devices is usually referred to by its shortened name, apps.

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2.3 Software: Your Tools for Success

Software You Will Need for Your Online Courses

In the following sections, we will review the software programs that must be installed on your computer for your Ashford courses. These pro- grams are also referred to as produc- tivity software because they allow you to produce or create new content and documents. As an Ashford student, you will receive Microsoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint for free as part of your Office 365 package. After we review these software requirements, we will look at some interesting options you may also want to consider.

Word Processing Software Your word processing software will be a vital part of your educational experience, since you will probably use this application more than any other. Technology has made creating writ- ten documents so much easier than it used to be. No longer do you have to handwrite notes to friends or type your school papers on a typewriter and spend hours fixing mistakes with a correction pen. Word processing software allows you to quickly and easily compose, edit, and revise written documents such as class notes, outlines, essays, poems, short stories, books, brochures, or flyers.

The most commonly used word processing software today is Microsoft Word, which is required for your Ashford University classes. Word is part of the Microsoft Suite, which includes software for creating presentation slides, making spreadsheets, and sending and receiving e-mails. See Table 2.3 for the similarities in look and feel across these software pro- grams. The Microsoft Suite can be installed on both PC and Mac computers. However, if you decide to use the Mac version of Word (called Pages), to ensure compatibility in your classes, you must submit your writing assignments in Word format. Learn how to convert Pages files to Word files at http://osxdaily.com/2014/08/06/save-pages-file-as-word-format.

Some older computers were sold with smaller, less expensive word processing software known as Microsoft Works, which did not have all the features of Microsoft Word. Microsoft Works is not sufficient for your online classes and is not an acceptable alternative to Microsoft Word.

Jacob Ammentorp Lund/iStock/Thinkstock

To complete your course assignments, you will need to install certain software programs on your laptop or desktop computer.

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2.3 Software: Your Tools for Success

Table 2.3: Microsoft Suite

Microsoft Word

Microsoft Excel

Microsoft PowerPoint

From Microsoft.com

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2.3 Software: Your Tools for Success

Presentation Software If at some point in your academic or professional life you need to give a speech or make a public presentation, you will use presentation software. Modern presentation software has revolutionized the possibilities for sharing information with an audience. It gives students, teachers, and business professionals a way to easily use text, graphics, animation, sound, and video to deliver educational, informative, and entertaining presentations. With this software, you can create electronic slides that display text and incorporate multimedia (text, graphics, and sound) and links to websites. These slides can be shared with others as attachments to an e-mail; they can be printed; or, with a laptop and a projector, they can be displayed on a large screen to create a visual presentation.

Microsoft PowerPoint is required for your Ashford courses and is included as part of the Microsoft Office Suite. You may create presentations using Apple Keynote; however, to ensure compatibility, the files must be converted to Microsoft PowerPoint slides prior to submitting them to your instructor. Discover how to make this conversion at http://www.redgiant.com /docs/doc-on/presto/_assets/tips-convert.html.

Spreadsheet Software Spreadsheets are a useful way to organize information. You can use spreadsheets to track your class assignment due dates or to organize your ideas for a class project. Most spreadsheet software includes graphing functions, so you can show numbers in a bar, line, or pie chart if you wish. Spreadsheets can also be used to balance your personal checkbook and create and monitor a family budget. Spreadsheets are widely used in the workplace in nearly every pro- fession. For example, accountants use spreadsheets to prepare financial statements and plan budgets, and financial planners use them to track investments and produce graphs that show the rise and fall of stock prices over time. Salespeople also use spreadsheets to calculate the relationship between sales and advertising dollars, and spreadsheets are important tools for your college business and mathematics classes. The list of uses for spreadsheets is endless.

Microsoft Excel is required for your Ashford courses that use spreadsheets and is included as part of the Microsoft Office Suite. You may create spreadsheets using Apple Numbers; how- ever, to ensure compatibility, the files must be converted to Microsoft Excel prior to submit- ting them to your instructor. A tutorial showing how to convert these files can be found at http://www.maclife.com/article/howtos/how_import_and_export_excel_files_numbers.

Adobe Reader Adobe Reader is a software program that allows you to view files created in a Portable Docu- ment Format (PDF). PDF was created by the company Adobe in the early 1990s as a way for computer users to share documents, even if they had computers that operated on different platforms or operating systems. PDF documents are usually first created in a word processing or graphics program, and then converted into a fixed-image format using a special software program for this purpose. The fixed-image format means the document can be viewed by anyone, but it cannot be edited except by using the special software to edit PDFs or converting them back to their original text or graphic form.

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http://www.redgiant.com/docs/doc-on/presto/_assets/tips-convert.html

2.3 Software: Your Tools for Success

For your Ashford classes, you do not need to purchase any of the special software to create or edit PDFs. The Ashford University Technology Requirements specify only that you have Adobe Reader, software that allows you to view PDFs and that you can download free of charge at https://get.adobe.com/reader/otherversions. On that web page, to download the correct ver- sion of Adobe Reader, use the drop-down menu to select your computer’s operating system.

Adobe Flash Adobe Flash, formerly called Macromedia Flash and Shockwave Flash, is a software program used to create certain types of graphics, animation, games, and other multimedia applica- tions. Like PDF documents, special software is required to create Flash applications. You do not have to purchase this software, however. The only requirement for your Ashford Univer- sity classes is that you have the Adobe Flash Player, which allows you to view Flash content and use the interactive features in your Constellation textbooks. Adobe Flash Player is a free software program (often referred to as a plug-in) that plays through multiple web browsers. You can obtain the latest version of this plug-in at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/other- versions. Again, select your operating system from the drop-down menu to ensure that you download the correct version of the Flash Player for your computer.

Using Google Drive to Collaborate With Your Classmates

Now that you are familiar with the productivity software required for your Ashford courses, let’s take a look at another option you may enjoy using and exploring. Similar to Microsoft and Apple, Google has developed its own set of productivity software called Docs, Sheets, and Slides, which are part of a file storage, editing, and sharing service called Google Drive. You do not have to purchase this Google software and install it on your computer. Instead, you simply create a free Google account and access the applications directly from the following Google websites:

Google Docs: https://www.google.com/intl/en/docs/about Google Sheets: https://www.google.com/sheets/about Google Slides: https://www.google.com/slides/about

The most exciting benefit of Google productivity software is the ability to collaborate. Once you create a project, you can share it with your classmates, who can then make additions and changes right along with you. All of your work is saved automatically and can be accessed any time from any device with Internet access.

Whenever Jason’s instructors asked him to do a group paper, he and his classmates would share a Google Docs project and work on it as they had time throughout the week. Jason never had to wait for the others to complete their section before he could work on his, because he always had real-time access to the most recent version of their shared project. When the proj- ect was complete, the group members would save the project as a Word or PDF file and send it to their instructor. The following link offers a thorough overview of what you can do with Google Drive and how you can convert the Google files to Microsoft format to submit them as assignments: https://support.google.com/docs/answer/49008?hl=en.

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http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/otherversions

2.3 Software: Your Tools for Success

Google is able to offer its Drive applications for free because they are open-source software, which means that they can be “freely used, changed, and shared (in modified or unmodified form) by anyone” (Open Source Initiative, n.d., para. 2). Microsoft Office and Apple iWork, on the other hand, are proprietary software, which means they are owned and controlled by their creator. Open-source software has become very popular because it is also used on many mobile devices. When you purchase proprietary software, you do not own it; you are buying a license to use it under certain terms and restrictions (Savage & Vogel, 2009). It is illegal to access, copy, modify, or share proprietary software. For example, if a friend wants a copy of your Microsoft Word software, you would be breaking the law if you copied it or allowed them to do so. This is not the case with open-source software. To learn more about open source software, visit http://www.opensource.org.

Saving Your Work in the Cloud

Imagine you are writing a final paper for one of your classes. A big winter storm just blew in, and you are afraid your computer might crash. You have been working on this paper for weeks, and you want to make absolutely sure you do not lose it. You can always save your work to a device like a computer hard drive, CD-ROM disk, or a USB memory device/flash drive (be sure to complete the inter- active feature in your e-book if you are unfamiliar with these methods). Another option is to save your work to cloud storage, or the cloud, which uses the Internet and remote servers to store data. Cloud storage options go by a number of different names, including OpenDrive, OneDrive, iCloud Drive, Google Drive, SkyDrive, Just- Cloud, Bitcasa, and Dropbox.

Advantages of cloud storage are that your information is password pro- tected, you can make sure you always have the latest version of a file, you can access and edit files from different electronic devices, and you can easily share files with others.

Here are a few easy options for accessing cloud storage:

1. If your computer uses the Windows operating system, download OpenDrive from the following website: http://www.opendrive.com/apps/windows. Watch the video at the following link to learn how to use OpenDrive: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TZJJyNLgOsc

2. If you use an Apple computer, save your files to the iCloud Drive for cloud storage. The following video demonstrates the features of iCloud Drive: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u0UNbakI9ao

milindri/iStock/Thinkstock

Storing work in the cloud means you can access the latest version of a file from a shared computer, per- sonal laptop, smartphone, or any electronic device.

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2.3 Software: Your Tools for Success

3. Save your files to the open-source product Google Drive. As we discussed in the previ- ous section, the basic version software is free and available to anyone with Internet access. Projects are saved on Google servers and can be shared with other users, regardless of what type of electronic hardware they have. You can familiarize yourself with the features of Google Drive by watching the following tutorial: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-HU9Z5gtQVk&spfreload=10

In addition to storing document files you have created, the cloud allows you to sync all elec- tronic devices you may have. Jason uses cloud storage because he often logs in to his Ashford course to check e-mail messages or to see replies to his discussion posts using his mobile tablet device or his smartphone. Because he uses the cloud, he can sync the e-mail, calendar, contacts, notes, and reminders on all his devices. When he makes changes to any of these items, the changes are made across all devices.

Most cloud solutions provide other benefits as well. For example, many mobile devices have cloud-based GPS capability, and you can purchase a mobile app to help you find a lost or stolen mobile device. You can also save your passwords to the cloud, so you can access them when you are not on your own computer. Or you can set your computer to perform automatic back- ups of your data to cloud storage whenever the device is plugged in and connected to Wi-Fi. This backup can even let you restore your device or set up a new device, if necessary. You can explore the following web links for more information about cloud-based storage options:

OpenDrive for Windows: http://www.opendrive.com/apps/windows Apple iCloud: http://www.apple.com Click on the search icon (the magnifying glass in the upper right-hand corner), type

“iCloud,” and hit enter. Click “iCloud.” Google Docs: https://www.google.com/intl/en/docs/about

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Summary & Resources

Module Summary Most people primarily use computers to consume content. In your college classes and in the workplace, you will primarily use your computer to create content, such as writing academic papers; participating in online discussions; creating professional slide presentations; and analyzing, charting, or graphing data. To accomplish these tasks, you must have certain types of computer hardware and software and know how to use these tools. Your Ashford Univer- sity Technology Requirements (http://www.ashford.edu/catalog-online-undergraduate -programs.htm#catalog11798) list the digital tools you must have to successfully complete your Ashford courses, and this module contains information and tutorials to help you use these tools effectively.

A powerful desktop or laptop computer is the most important tool for your college success. With the prerequisites listed in the technology requirements, you will be able to access all the features of your online classroom and your Constellation course materials. Other devices such as tablets, netbooks, Chromebooks, and smartphones can help you use your time wisely, reduce your stress, and complete your courses more efficiently. They will not substitute for a more powerful desktop or laptop computer, but they will allow you to perform some class functions and make good use of your free time and waiting time.

To determine the type of computer that is best for you, consider how and where you will do your class assignments. Decide if you prefer the Mac or Windows operating system, and then consider the speed, computer processing power, memory, and storage space you will need. The device’s size and portability should also be a consideration, and of course, price is an important factor.

You will also need application software for your Ashford courses. Specific word processing, presentation, and spreadsheet software is required. As an Ashford student, you will receive a free version of Microsoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint as part of your Office 365 software suite. You will also be required to download some free software such as the Adobe Reader and Adobe Flash programs, and you may find that open-source software such as Google Drive helps you collaborate with classmates on assignments. Like other cloud-based data options available today, Google Drive lets you store your computer files remotely and lets you access them if your computer malfunctions. Cloud-based storage also enables you to sync all your electronic devices, so you can access your computer files from other stationary or portable hardware devices.

Critical-Thinking Questions

1. Why is a desktop or laptop computer vital to your academic success? Why are devices like tablets and smartphones not sufficient for completing your course work?

2. What types of productivity software will you use in your Ashford University course work? What will you be able to accomplish by using this software?

3. How do open-source software applications, such as those offered by Google Drive, allow you to collaborate with your classmates? For what type of assignments would you use open-source software?

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Summary & Resources

Key Terms application software Available for edu- cational, professional, and personal use on desktop computers, laptops, tablets, smart- phones, and other mobile devices, this soft- ware represents all the programs that allow you to do things on your computer.

apps Short for applications, the software that runs on mobile devices.

bits Measurements of the speed at which the computer performs calculations or transfers data.

bytes Pronounced “bites,” measurements of the size or capacity of a computer file and the computer memory or storage devices.

cloud storage Also known as “the cloud,” storage on the Internet and remote servers.

desktop computer Computing devices that are designed to rest on a table or desk and be used in a single location. They are fairly large because they consist of several compo- nents connected together to create a com- plete computer system.

digital tools Electronic devices and pro- grams that translate data into readable information, including documents, images, videos, and games.

graphics Visual images.

hardware Equipment associated with your electronic devices; in other words, the machinery, wiring, and other physical components.

laptop Also referred to as a notebook, a portable computer that has the same components and capabilities as a desktop computer.

mobile computing device A small, porta- ble computer such as a smartphone, laptop, or tablet.

multimedia Text, graphics, and sound.

netbooks Sometimes referred to as mini laptops or subnotebooks because they have less computing power, these small, light- weight computing devices are designed primarily for consuming content. Google’s Chromebook is a type of netbook.

open-source software Software that can be used, modified, and distributed by any- one. Google Drive applications are an exam- ple of open-source software.

platform Also known as the operating sys- tem, the software that runs all the programs and applications on your device.

presentation software Software that allows the user to create electronic slides that display text and incorporate multimedia and links to websites.

proprietary software Software that is owned and controlled by its creator; for example, Microsoft Office and Apple iWork.

software The systems and programs that run on your computer hardware.

spreadsheet software Software that includes graphing functions, so you can show numbers in a bar, line, or pie chart. Spreadsheets can also be used to balance your personal checkbook and create and monitor a family budget.

sync The ability to synchronize all elec- tronic devices, so that when the user makes changes to any of these devices, the changes are made everywhere.

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Summary & Resources

tablet computer A thin, flat slate that is small, lightweight, and portable. Users operate the tablet by touching the screen in various ways to perform different functions, although some tablets have a small keyboard attached. Some tablets are simply electronic reading devices; others perform additional tasks, and some of the latest tablets allow you to access the Internet and perform some of the functions of a desktop or laptop computer.

word processing software Software that allows users to quickly and easily compose, edit, and revise written documents such as class notes, outlines, essays, poems, short stories, books, brochures, and flyers.

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