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Human Communication The Basic Course 14th edition

Chapter 11

Members and Leaders

Learning Objectives

11.1 Define and give examples of group task roles, group building and maintenance roles, and individual roles and identify the suggestions for effective group membership.

11.2 Define leadership; distinguish among the traits, functional, transformational, and situational approaches; and identify the suggestions for effective group leadership.

11.3 Explain the impact of culture on small group membership and leadership behavior.

Membership in Small Group Communication 1 of 9

L.O. 11.1 Define and give examples of group task roles, group building and maintenance roles, and individual roles and identify the suggestions for effective group membership.

Member Roles

Group Task Roles

Initiator-Contributor	Coordinator
Information seeker	Orienter
Opinion seeker	Evaluator-Critic
Information giver	Energizer
Opinion giver	Procedural technician
Elaborator	Elaborator

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Member Roles continued

Group Building and Maintenance Roles

Encourager	Standard setter
Harmonizer	Group observer and commentator
Compromiser	Follower
Gatekeeper-expediter	blank

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Member Roles continued

Individual Roles

Aggressor	Playboy/playgirl
Blocker	Dominator
Recognition seeker	Help seeker
Self-confessor	Special interest pleader

Group Roles in Interpersonal Relationships

Can you identify roles that you habitually or frequently serve in certain groups? Do you serve these roles in your close interpersonal relationships as you do in your workplace relationships?

Jordan Siemens/Getty Images

Can you identify roles that you habitually or frequently serve in certain groups? Do you serve these roles in your close interpersonal relationships as you do in your workplace relationships?

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Interaction Process Analysis

Social-emotional positive contributions

Social-emotional negative contributions

Attempted answers

Questions

Table 11.1 Interaction Process Analysis Form

blank	blank	Joe	Judy	Liz	Mike	Peg
Social–Emotional Positive Contributions	Shows solidarity
	Shows tension release
	Shows agreement
Social–Emotional Negative Contributions	Shows disagreement
	Shows tension
	Shows antagonism
Attempted Answers	Gives suggestions
	Gives opinions
	Gives information
Questions	Asks for suggestions
	Asks for opinions
	Asks for information

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Member Functions and Skills

Be Group or Team Oriented

Center Conflict on Issues

Be Critically Open-Minded

Ensure Understanding

Beware of Groupthink

Groupthink: a way of thinking that people use when agreement among members has become excessively important

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Member Functions and Skills continued

Beware of Groupthink continued

Symptoms of groupthink:

Illusion of invulnerability

Avoidance

Assumption of morality

Intolerance of differences of opinion

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Member Functions and Skills continued

Symptoms of groupthink continued

Self-censorship

Assumption of unanimity

Gatekeeping

Peer pressure

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Member Functions and Skills continued

From Member to Leader

Listens to all members equally and gives positive listening cues

Gives positive affiliative cues

Is prepared and demonstrates this through knowledge of the issues and the members

Positively reinforces other members

Shows flexible strength

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Member Functions and Skills continued

From Member to Leader continued

Responsive to conversational signals from other members

Culturally sensitive and avoids stereotypes and –isms

Displays traits associated with leadership

Focuses criticisms and conflict on issues rather than people

Is fair and treats others and their positions as important to the group

Leadership in Small Group Communication 1 of 6

L.O. 11.2 Define leadership and distinguish among the traits, functional, transformational, and situational approaches; and identify the suggestions for effective group leadership.

Leadership

The process of influencing the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of group members

The process of empowering others

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Myths about Leadership

Leaders are rare.

Leaders are born.

All leaders are charismatic.

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Approaches to Leadership

Traits Approach: leaders must possess certain traits to function effectively

Empathy

Courage

Dependability

Credibility

Stewardship

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Approaches to Leadership continued

Functional Approach

Focuses on what a leader should do in a given situation

Transformational Approach

Leader elevates the group’s members

Situational approach

Focuses on accomplishing the task and ensuring the satisfaction of group members

Gender Differences

Do you find that women and men respond similarly to the different leadership styles? Do women and men exercise the different leadership styles with equal facility, or are women more comfortable and more competent in certain leadership styles and men more comfortable and competent in other styles?

PhotoAlto sas/Alamy

Table 11.3 Leadership Styles 1 of 2

Style	Leadership Focus	Uses
Telling Style	This leader focuses almost exclusively on the task and offers little, if any, relationship support.	Appropriate for a group that lacks knowledge of the issues involved and needs the direct guidance of a leader who tells the members what they should do.
Selling Style	This leader is a persuasive one, giving specific guidance on the task and also relationship support. The aim is to get the group members to “buy into” the ideas and to do as directed.	Appropriate for a group that is trying hard but still lacks the needed skills or information to accomplish their task.

Table 11.3 Leadership Styles 2 of 2

Style	Leadership Focus	Uses
Participating Style	This leader relies heavily on communicating, facilitating, and encouraging group members. This leader participates in the group’s problem solving but provides little direction.	Appropriate for groups that know what to do but may not be so willing to do it.
Delegating Style	This leader monitors and observes, rather than provides direction or relationship support.	Appropriate for groups that know what to do and are eager to do it.

Leadership in Small Group Communication 5 of 6

Functions and Skills of Leadership

Organize

Consider Individual Strengths and Needs

Activate the Group Agenda

Promote Group Interaction

Ask questions.

Summarize.

Set an agenda.

Focus your attention.

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Functions and Skills of Leadership continued

Empower Group Members

Raise the person’s self-esteem.

Share skills.

Be constructively critical.

Encourage growth.

Avoid micromanaging.

Follow Up

Group Polarization

Shutterstock/Andresr

Groups frequently make more extreme decisions than individuals—a tendency known as group polarization (Brauer, Judd, & Gliner, 1995; Bullock, et al., 2002; Friedkin, 1999). For example, a group will take greater risks if the individual members are already willing to take risks (a condition known as the “risky shift phenomenon”) or will become more cautious if the members are already cautious. What seems to happen is that as a group member you estimate how others in the group feel about risk taking. If you judge the group as one of high-risk takers, you’re likely to become more willing to take risks than you were before the group interaction. Similarly, if you judge the group members as cautious and as low-risk takers, you’ll become even more cautious than you were before the interaction. In other words—and not surprisingly—your own attitudes toward risk will be heavily influenced by the attitudes you think the group possesses. Further, you’re likely to change your attitudes to more closely match those of the group. What are some advantages of group polarization? Disadvantages?

Membership, Leadership, and Culture 1 of 2

L.O. 11.3 Explain the impact of culture on small group membership and leadership behavior.

Individualism and Collectivism

Individualist cultures: each group member is important

Collectivist cultures: the group is the significant entity

Member Roles

Don’t apply in collectivist cultures

Belief Systems

Each cultures belief system influences group members’ behavior

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Leadership Style

Different cultures influence membership and leadership styles.

Be sensitive to cultural differences in small group behavior.

Cultural Influences

In what ways has your own culture influenced your small group membership and leadership behavior?