Multiple choice

Question: Diocletian attempted to prevent rebellion in the Roman Empire by
A             Redistributing imperial defense among local militia
B             Entering into treaties with bordering states
C             Removing the distinction between “better people” and “humbler people”
D             Separating civil and military authority in the provinces
Question: Roman morality primarily emphasized 
A             A personal relationship with the gods
B             Virtue, faithfulness, and respect
C             Power, status, and wealth
D             Democracy, equality, and generosity
Question: Muhammad changed his attitude toward the Jews because they refused to
A             Pay the zakat
B             Recognize him as a prophet and convert
C             Take part in the battle of Badr
D             Resettle in either Mecca or Medina
Question: Concerns about national security and a desire for wealth led the Romans to
-A-Undertake expansionist campaigns against their neighbors
-B-Arrange foreign marriages in the hope of creating ties with their neighbors
-C-Negotiate defensive treaties with all of Rome's major trading partners
-D-Establish temples to all the major gods of the most powerful foreign nations
Question: The Hijra was
A             A tax levied on nonbelievers living in an Islamic state
B             The chief religious official of Islam
C             Muhammad's departure from Mecca for Medina
D             The religious court that decided cases of alleged blasphemy
Question: The Umayyad caliphate's (r. c. 661–750) policy toward Christians and Jews was
A             Toleration and protection, but these groups had to pay a special tax
B             Banishment from the lands of Islam
C             A choice between conversion and death
D             To kill males and sell females into slavery
Question: The First Triumvirate of Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar formed in 60 BCE when
A             The three men teamed up for an assault on Egypt
B             Spartacus's slave army threatened to overrun Rome
C             The Senate's challenge to Pompey forced him into a coalition with his two greatest rivals
D             The Senate recognized that the empire had grown too large for only two consuls
Question: The poet Ovid (43 BCE–17 CE), fell out of favor with Augustus in 8 BCE when he
A             Published the irreverent and bawdy Art of Love
B             Refused to write a poem praising the first ten years of Augustus's reign
C             Became involved in a scandal with Augustus's granddaughter
D             Criticized Augustus's transformation of government in Metamorphoses
Question: Which of the following is not a reason for the practice of iconoclasm?
A             Icons violated biblical injunctions against graven images
B             The Muslims believed they succeeded in battle because they avoided images of humans
C             Monasteries holding icons undermined the emperor's place in Christianity
D             They drained the economy by pouring money into art instead of useful commodities
Question: The Roman legend known as the “Rape of the Sabine Women” illustrates
A             The Roman belief that one man can make a decisive difference in the course of his nation's history
B             Rome's tradition of absorbing different peoples into its citizen body, a practice that helped make Rome a world power
C             The Romans' reverence for virtuous matrons and their dedication to justice
D             The Romans' wanton disregard for women, whom they treated little better than slaves
Question: Which of the following was not a result of the crisis that gripped the Roman Empire in the third century CE?
A             Civil war following the violent and profligate reign of Caracalla (r. 211–217)
B             The emperors' inflationary schemes for maintaining a vast army
C             The reemergence of personal armies under ambitious generals
D             The emergence of new cults and religions, particularly Christianity
Question: Which of the following statements regarding Christian bishops is true?
A             Bishops performed the secular (nonreligious) role of state administrators in their cities
B             Bishops never engaged in military campaigns, having taken vows of pacifism
C             The most senior bishops in the western empire were called patriarchs
D             The bishops exercised absolute control over the monks in the monasteries
Question: What was the main tactic used by the plebeians to force the patricians to make political and economic  concessions? 
A             They went “on strike,” withdrawing from the city and refusing to work or engage in military service
B             They invaded patrician estates and freed their slaves
C             They instructed their tribunes to veto every measure that the patricians strove to pass in the assembly
D             They rioted, destroying a significant part of the Roman forum
Question: Augustus fulfilled his role as Rome's patron by providing
A             The first public fire department in Western history
B             Free public baths for the poor
C             Free medical care for all children
D             A mail system for Rome and the Italian peninsula
Question: The Roman governor Pontius Pilate (r. 26–36 CE) executed Jesus of Nazareth because
A             He felt offended by Jesus' teachings, which criticized deeply held notions of social hierarchy
B             He feared that Jesus harbored political aspirations and might incite a Jewish revolt
C             Jesus had argued that the Roman Empire was fundamentally corrupt and that Jews should refuse to pay taxes
D             All of the above
Question: During the Roman republic, the political career of a patrician typically consisted of
A             Achieving success in business or agriculture, financing a shrine or other public building, then being elected, in succession, to the offices of aedile, consul, and, finally, pontifex maximus
B             Military service, an appointment to the Senate, and then being elected, in succession, to the offices of censor, tribune, and, finally, consul
C             Military service, and then being elected, in succession, to the offices of quaestor, aedile, praetor, and, finally, consul
D             Military service culminating in a generalship, and then being elected, in succession, to the offices of quaestor, censor, and, finally, consul or pontifex maximus
Question: One fundamental difference between slavery in Rome and in Greece was that
A             Roman men could raise their children by female slaves as legitimate children and heirs
B             Greeks tended not to enslave other Greeks, but Romans preferred Italian-born slaves
C             Roman slaves gained citizenship with their freedom, but Greek slaves did not
D             Greek slaves had some legal protections against abuse, but Roman slaves did not

Question: The office of tribune differed from most other political offices because
A             It was established to serve and protect the plebeian order, not all of society
B             Former slaves who had served in the military could stand for election as tribunes
C             It was the only official position that had been retained from the era of the monarchy
D             Senators were eligible to be elected to the post
Question: Which of the following accurately compares Spain and Italy regarding ecclesiastical authority?
A             In Spain, bishops supported their kings, whereas in Italy, the papacy was forever at odds with neighboring monarchs
B             The Spanish bishops opposed their king, whom they blamed for the Muslim invasion, whereas the pope supported the Lombard king as a bulwark against Byzantine influence
C             The Spanish were more receptive than the Italians to the teachings of the Catholic church, with its emphasis on asceticism
D             The papacy consisted of a highly organized hierarchy, whereas the Spanish church was merely a loose collection of parishes
Question: Between 630 and 730, the Byzantine Empire
A             Revived the urban lifestyle of the Roman Empire
B             Lost much of its territory to invading Islamic armies
C             Recognized the bishop of Rome as the leader of all Christendom
D             Ordered all official documents to be written in Latin instead of Greek
Question: Which of the following statements regarding women in Roman society is false?
A             Most women enjoyed relative independence, particularly by the first century BCE, because, by then, the requirement that they have male guardians to conduct business was largely ignored
B             Women tended to marry later in life, so as to be able to accumulate a dowry large enough to procure the basic necessities of a household
C             Unlike their Greek counterparts, Roman women enjoyed considerable freedom of movement in public; they could join their men at dinner parties, run businesses, and even participate, on occasion, in political demonstrations
D             Some poor women, if they could not find work in small-scale production, retail, or services, made a legal living as prostitutes
Question: Roman Christianity's organization was based on bishops' and archbishops' control of territorial units called
A             Abbeys
B             Shires
C             Themes
D             Dioceses
Question: Theodoric ruled from 493 to 526 over an Ostrogoth kingdom that 
A             Tried to maintain the Roman Empire's prestige by retaining elements of its rule, such as the Senate
B             Sought to eliminate all reminders of Roman rule in order to emphasize the power of the new king
C             Was supposedly ruled by the puppet emperor Romulus Augustulus
D             Forcibly converted its inhabitants to Arian Christianity
Question: When Diocletian came to power in 284, he indicated his autocratic intentions by
A             Rreplacing the title princeps with dominus, the term that slaves called their masters
B             Proclaiming himself the head of the state and of the Christian church
C             Eliminating the Senate, consuls, and all other vestiges of republican rule
D             Appointing only fellow Dalmatians to important positions
Question: Which of the following was not a reason that Christianity was attractive after the reign of Constantine?
A             Christianity's new official status attracted believers in the military, who no longer faced a conflict between serving the state and serving Christ
B             Christian merchants, who could now be open about their faith, offered lower prices to fellow Christians
C             Christianity offered people a strong sense of community with co-religionists
D             Christianity's adherents took up charitable works and philanthropy
Question: Emperor Claudius (r. 41–54 CE) set a crucial precedent when he
A             Allowed foreign-born men to serve as praetors or consuls
B             Banned free slaves from holding positions in government
C             Admitted men from outside Italy to the Senate
D             Declared that the emperor should be worshiped as a god
Question: If the Roman generals Sulla (c. 138–78 BCE), Pompey (106–48 BCE), and Julius Caesar (100–44 BCE) can be said to have anything in common, it was their
A             Respect for Rome's republican traditions of loyal public service and incorruptibility, despite the temptations created by the plunder of war
B             Interest in destroying any remaining distinctions between patricians and plebeians in the army
C             Willingness to embroil Rome in civil wars to secure their own personal wealth and power
D             Ability to bring Romans together, through the power of their oratory and personal example
Question: A woman in the early Christian church could attain a measure of independence and authority if she
A             Received an education and taught her children reading, writing, and the Scriptures
B             Served the bishops in the church, handling their domestic arrangements and money
C             Followed traditional Jewish laws and rituals
D             Gave up the roles of wife and mother to pursue a celibate, spiritual life
Question: The most important attempt to end the doctrinal disputes among Christians in the mid-fifth century took place at the
A             Council of Chalcedon
B             Council of Nicaea
C             Council of Ravenna
D             Council of Edessa
Question: In Merovingian lands during the sixth and seventh centuries, one major departure from Roman life was
A             The extensive use of slaves, even on peasant-owned farms
B             That the aristocracy used only Greek as their formal language
C             That cities and trade had decayed drastically
D             The spread of cereal cultivation replaced the Romans' enormous cattle herds
Question: Between the sixth and tenth centuries, Jews in western Europe were
A             Segregated in cities and rarely lived in rural areas
B             Almost entirely integrated into every aspect of secular life
C             Forced to become traders and pawnbrokers
D             Forbidden to own land or slaves
Question: Which of the following measures was not undertaken by Theodosius (r. 379–395)?
A             Banning all polytheist sacrifices
B             Decreeing that divination based on the inspection of animal entrails was high treason
C             Ordering the closure of all polytheist temples
D             Requiring that all schools should henceforth be Christian schools
Question: The Qur'an champions the nuclear family, replacing the Bedouin tribes of old with a new community of believers referred to in Arabic as the
A             Suras
B             Ka'ba
C             Shahadah
D             Ummah
Question: Which of the following is not a reason why the Muslims took the Mediterranean world by storm?
A             Byzantine and Sasanid exhaustion from war
B             Muslims' skill in horsemanship and warfare
C             Warships provided by the Nestorian Christians to use against the Orthodox Christians
D             Groups treated harshly by the Byzantines and Sasanids, who welcomed Arab rule
Question: In the mid-second century BCE, Cato wrote The Origins, which was
A             A religious epic about the creation of the world and the origins of the gods
B             A political attack on the Senate for betraying republican ideals
C             A history of Rome written in Latin
D             A defense of his family's rise to political power through hard work and public service
Question: Apocalyptic doctrines had much appeal in Judea at the time of Jesus' birth because
A             Herod the Great used them to stir unrest against the Romans
B             Judean Jewish leaders disagreed over whether to resist or accommodate Roman rule
C             John the Baptist convinced many that the end of the world was at hand
D             The great scholar Hillel interpreted scripture to promise the coming of a Messiah
Question: The Golden Ass, which tells the story of a man turned into a donkey and restored – body and soul – by the goddess Isis, was written by
A             Virgil during the Golden Age of Latin Literature
B             Ovid, hoping to please Augustus and avoid exile
C             Seneca as a political satire
D             Apuleius during the Silver Age
Question: The monk and historian Bede (673–735), a student of Benedict Biscop, taught
A             Many royal advisers
B             His own students to read Greek
C             Irish missionaries to convert pagans in Germany
D             History to students in monastery schools
Question: In which way were the violent deaths of Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus a turning point in the history of the Roman republic?
A             Their deaths broke with the traditional taboo against political violence and introduced factions into Roman politics
B             Their deaths saw the end of the democratic reforms enacted during the republic, which had given commoners the majority say in political life
C             Their murder at the hands of senators convinced other senators that a strong, sole ruler was needed to prevent civil war
D             Their murders made the landless commoners realize that they too could dictate policy with the threat of violence
Question: How did Emperor Titus's (r. 79–81 CE) construction of the Colosseum exhibit the Flavian dynasty's public spiritedness?
A             Titus deliberately built it on the site of Nero's extravagant private fishpond
B             Titus paid for the Colosseum out of his own pocket instead of using public funds
C             Titus paid free workers a decent wage to build it instead of using slave labor
D             Titus used it to symbolize his promise to rebuild areas damaged by the fire of 64 CE
Question: In everything from the forum of Augustus to coins bearing inscriptions such as “Roads have been built,” Augustus tried to emphasize all of the following except that
A             His reign was the foundation of a new age for Rome
B             Rome should continue to expand its borders and its wealth through conquest
C             Unselfishness in spending money for public purposes was a desirable virtue
D             Respect for tradition was important for the state's well-being
Question: The term tetrarchy under Emperor Diocletian (r. 284–305) refers to
A             His division of the empire into four loosely defined administrative units
B             His appointment of a four-man council to advise him on military and fiscal policy
C             The division of the early apostolic Christian church into four regional units
D             The four-man curial-class appointees who governed provinces
Question: “Struggle of the orders” refers to a political power struggle between the Roman aristocrats (patricians) and common people (plebeians), which finally ended when
A             The plebeians learned to manipulate the patronage system and influence patrons to legislate in favor of plebeian interests
B             The ban on marriage between plebeians and patricians was lifted
C             The patricians agreed to make plebeians eligible for membership in the Roman Senate
D             The plebeians, in 287 BCE, won the right to draft and pass laws in their own assembly
Question: Debasing imperial coinage had the effect of
A             Creating inflation, because merchants raised prices to make up for the coins' lower value
B             Stabilizing the economic situation, because there was more money to go around
C             Lowering prices, because people could now afford to buy more goods
D             Reassuring people that the government had sufficient money to maintain peace
Question: In the early Roman republic, the men's chief reason to seek public office was to
A             Increase their wealth through government contracts
B             Achieve status and glory through service to the republic
C             Benefit from the patron-client system
D             Move their families into the elite ranks of the nobles
Question: Why did the Roman aristocrats create a republican system of government and not a monarchy?
A             They were committed to a government in which all citizens were participants
B             They distrusted eastern Mediterranean empires like the Persians and wanted to avoid emulating them in any way
C             They hated kings because they feared that any sole ruler would abuse his power
D             They feared that a sole ruler would deprive individuals of political influence
Question: During the seventh and eighth centuries, which of the following was not performed by Muslim scholars?
A             Determining the final form of the Qur'an
B             Recording the miracles of Muhammad
C             Making calligraphy an art form
D             Writing love poetry for their patrons, the caliphs
Question: The basic belief of Neoplatonists was that
A             The empire should be modeled more closely on Plato's Republic
B             People can reach God only by turning away from the physical world and the life of the body
C             God can only be understood by the type of self-examination encouraged by Socrates
D             God created the spiritual and the physical world, so both must be loved and respected
Question: Under the rule of Augustus, elite culture and popular entertainment
A             Served to legitimize and strengthen the new system of government
B             Increased government revenue through entrance fees for plays and gladiatorial exhibitions
C             Were severely curtailed by Augustus after a scandal involving his daughter
D             Rejected Greek influence as part of the Romanization promoted by Augustus
Question: Which of the following does not describe exceptions to patria potestas within the family?
A             Although patria potestas theoretically gave the head of the family the power to execute members of his household, the law required him to provide justification and to receive the approval of the Senate before carrying out the execution
B             Although the male head of the family was technically the owner of all family property for as long as he lived, in practice adult children and favored slaves could acquire personal property and money
C             Even though the head of the household had complete authority, he usually had a “council” of friends and relatives with whom he conferred before making important decisions
D             Notwithstanding patria potestas, a husband generally did not control his wife because most wives chose “free” marriage, which left a woman under her father's control during his lifetime